Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technology can greatly improve user and spectral efficiency. This paper considers the power allocation optimization problem of a two-user mobile NOMA communication system. Firstly, system model is established. Then, we analyze outage probability (OP) relationship between OP performance coefficient. Finally, objective function established, algorithm employin...

A publication reporting the harmful effects on the monarch butterfly of maize genetically modified to express insecticidal delta-endotoxins from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) caused much public interest. A series of ecologically based studies were subsequently carried out to evaluate rigorously the impact of pollen from such crops and to quantify the risks. The results demonstr...

The target of our study is the Monarch Butterfly, which is known for its multi-generational migration behavior: it migrates between southern Canada and Mexico over the course of one year within three to four generations. In spite of many reported studies, little is known about what influences their migration. We approach this subject by using an ecosystem model consisting of artificial agents a...

The future development and use of agricultural biotechnology has been challenged by two preliminary studies indicating potential risk to monarch butterfly populations by pollen from corn engineered to express proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis. Likewise, these studies have also challenged the way in which science should be performed, published in scientific journals and communicated to the pu...

The Monarch butterfly has a random geometric probability of .81%, or less than 1 chance out of 100 of mating success. Males increase mating success by depositing more sperm thus reducing competition. Females increase mating success by mating more frequently thus increasing their chances of producing offspring. Introduction Monarch butterflies often find larger symmetric females more attractive....

We used aerial photographs, satellite images, and field surveys to monitor forest cover in the core zones of the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve in Mexico from 2001 to 2012. We used our data to assess the effectiveness of conservation actions that involved local, state, and federal authorities and community members (e.g., local landowners and private and civil organizations) in one of the w...

Leong et ai. Ecological Entomology. 17:338-342, 1992. Altizer et ai. J. Invert. Path. 74:76-88, 1999. Leong et ai. J. Invertebrate Pathology 69:79-83, Jan. 1997. Leong et ai. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 73(1):49-51, 1997. Leong et aI., "The occurrence and effect of a protozoan parasite, Ophryocystis elektroscirrha (Neogregarinida: Ophryocystidae) on overwintering monarch butterflies, Danaus Plexip...