The ability to comprehend and produce phrasal verbs, as lexical chunks or groups of words which are commonly found together, is an important part of language learning. This study investigates the effect of ‘conceptual metaphor awareness’, as a newly developed technique in Cognitive Linguistics, on learning phrasal verbs by Iranian intermediate EFL learners. To meet this objective, two intact ho...

This paper reports the results of an eye-tracking during reading experiment carried out in order to investigate the online processing of the French modal verbs devoir ("must") and pouvoir ("can/may"). The nature – ambiguous/homonymic, polysemous or monosemic/under-specified – of the modals is tested through the manipulation in sentences of the root or epistemic meaning of the modal as well as t...

The present contribution deals with the epistemic readings of the Italian modal verbs dovere ('must') and potere ('may'/'can'). The two verbs show striking differences — both quantitative and qualitative — with respect to the possibility of epistemic interpretation, differences which have gone so far completely unnoticed in the — rather scarce — semantic literature on modal verbs in Italian. Ev...

In Early Modern Persian prose and verse, verbs with a present stem accompanied by grapheme "-y" have been used to express modal concepts of imperative and command or invocation and request. Researchers, regardless of the historical changes of Early Modern Persian, believe that this structure of  subjunctive 2nd person singular has been used to express imperative mood, and that &q...

This paper describes a model of the choice of modal verbs and modal particles. The choice mechanism does not require a modality-specific input as, e.g., a modal logical formula. Instead semantic (modal force) and pragmatic constraints (speech act marking) are applied to the available information on the whole and constrain the set of modal candidates to those that are appropriate in the respecti...

The article presents a new view on Chinese modal verbs as part of speech. Based the typology language, authors analyzed according to their functional-syntactic, formal-morphological, and semantic features in order importance. discusses position operators sentence other characteristics. For instance, have no impact object cannot independently form sentences or combine with grammemes. Therefore, ...

The article investigates an overlooked development in the history of English modals, namely regularization their plural inflection Middle (e.g. prs.ind.pl shulleþ for expected shullen ). Using LAEME and eLALME atlases a number electronic corpora, I document frequency dialectal distribution such regularized modal verbs. It is shown that shall was fairly common Late English, can less so, may only...

In the context of globalization, a substantial increase in public attention to processes occurring environment caused by climate crisis and global warming, so-called ‘green agenda’ is gaining significant importance. Undoubtedly, human language plays one most important roles all aspects life. Therefore, even more are consequences ‘cognitive revolution’ mid-late twentieth century which made it po...