Antigen presentation by endogenous glial cells is postulated to regulate reactivity of immune cells that gain entry into the CNS. We have previously observed, using a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) system, that adult human-derived microglia can function as antigen-presenting cells (APC) for immediately ex vivo CD4+ T cells in a primary MLR (1 degree MLR) whereas astrocytes could not. We have n...

In vertebrates, stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) on one side evokes symmetrical locomotor movements on both sides. How this occurs was previously examined in detail in a swimmer using body undulations (lamprey), but in tetrapods the downstream projections from the MLR to brainstem neurons are not fully understood. Here we examined the brainstem circuits from the MLR to id...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate measures of sleep (exploratory endpoints) in two pivotal studies of a multilayer bead extended-release methylphenidate (MPH-MLR) treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. METHODS Study 1 evaluated the time course of response to MPH-MLR (n = 26) patients in an analog classroom setting through four phases: screening (≤28 days), open label (OL) dose...

In this paper, the quantitative structure activity-relationship (QSAR) of the CCR2b receptor inhibitors was scrutinized. Firstly, the molecular descriptors were calculated using the Dragon package. Then, the stepwise multiple linear regressions (SW-MLR) and the genetic algorithm multiple linear regressions (GA-MLR) variable selection methods were subsequently employed to select and implement th...

The autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (auto-MLR) measures the ability of non-T cells to stimulate autologous T cells to proliferate in tissue culture. The auto-MLR was studied in 1 1 patients with autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura (ATP). Seven patients had decreased auto-MLR. which averaged 4440 ± 3364 cpm (SEM) compared to 1 5.360 ± 6905 cpm for simultaneously studied controls. The averag...

This final rule amends the regulations implementing medical loss ratio (MLR) standards for health insurance issuers under the Public Health Service Act in order to establish notice requirements for issuers in the group and individual markets that meet or exceed the applicable MLR standard in the 2011 MLR reporting year.

PURPOSE To determine the role of mesenteric lymph reperfusion (MLR) on endotoxin translocation in brain to discuss the mechanism of brain injury subjected to superior mesenteric artery occlusion (SMAO) shock. METHODS Twenty-four rats were randomly assigned to MLR, SMAO, MLR+SMAO and sham groups. MLR was performed by clamping the mesenteric lymph duct (MLD) for 1 h and then allowing reperfusio...

We investigated the effects of mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR), hydrocortisone (HC) and cyclosporine A (CsA) on the expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules on the mesangial (MC) and endothelial cells (EnC). Cell surface enzyme immunoassay showed that INFnu, IL-1beta, or TNF alpha stimulated expression of ICAM-1, or VCAM-1 on MC after 24 hours. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that MLR su...

Ongoing studies are aimed at identifying the neural pathways responsible for the middle latency response (MLR). These studies involve the analysis of surface and intracranial potentials following pharmacologic inactivation (with lidocaine) of discrete regions of the guinea pig brain. Previous investigations have shown that MLR surface waves recorded over the temporal lobe originate from pathway...

A unilateral activation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) produces symmetrical bilateral locomotion in all vertebrate species tested to date. How this occurs remains unresolved. This study examined the possibility that the symmetry occurred at the level of the inputs from the MLR to reticulospinal (RS) cells. In lamprey semi-intact preparations, we recorded intracellular responses of ...