OBJECTIVE To determine if administration of albuterol by a metered-dose inhaler with a spacer device is as efficacious as administration of albuterol by nebulizer to treat wheezing in children aged 2 years and younger. DESIGN Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. SETTING Pediatric emergency department. PATIENTS From a convenience sample of wheezing children aged 2 t...

Current effective treatments available for asthma are in the form of metered dose inhalers.3 Metered dose inhalers are convenient and can be used with and without spacers (a device attached to the inhaler for adequate and maximum drug delivery usage). However, these are expensive and need skill for proper use. Use of inhalers is relatively more expensive if they are not use properly. An effecti...

Easy to carry, highly effective and extremely safe, allowing accurate, consistent dose delivery, metered dose inhalers are the inhalation devices doctors and patients choose most readily the world over. Clinical response, however, may be affected by the inhalation technique used and the precise formulation in the canisters. The purpose of this review is to consider metered dose inhalers, add on...

Lower costs and stop-go policy around 2012 created two distinct groups of households with solar photovoltaics (PVs) in Denmark – a large group early adopters (annually metered), smaller later (hourly/real-time metered). This paper analyses these to characterize Danish PVs prosumer identify why they bought PVs. A comparison full population 73,974 household owners (registered as 2015) other shows...

A survey of inhaler technique using a placebo metered dose inhaler was performed among 41 house and medical officers from the Medical and Outpatient departments, Hospital USM. The majority (76%) of them had been taught at one time or another regarding inhaler technique. However, only 18 of them (48.9%) used the metered dose inhaler correctly. Medical officers currently in the Medical Department...

This paper studies the system optimum dynamic traffic assignment in a network consisting of a surface street grid and a congested freeway section. Vehicles can be diverted through off-ramps and on-ramps can be metered. The family of solutions are identified graphically using Newell’s queueing diagrams. Because enforcing diversion is still a technological puzzle, these results provide a benchmar...

The construct M of metered spaces and contractions is known to be a superconstruct in which all metrically generated constructs can be fully embedded. We show that M has one point extensions and that quotients in M are productive. We construct a Cartesian closed topological extension of M and characterize the canonical function spaces with underlying sets Hom(X,Y ) for metered spaces X and Y . ...

Several readers wrote to us to express their concern about the image the BMJ chose to accompany this Analysis article by Ingrid Wolfe and colleagues (BMJ 2011;342:d1277, doi:10. 1136/bmj.d1277) in the print issue of 23 April (page 903). It showed a metered dose inhaler being administered to an infant without use of a spacer. According to the British Guideline on the Management of Asthma, for ch...

The aerodynamic diameter of pharmaceutical aerosols is the main factor governing their deposition in the human respiratory tract. Particle size of the pharmaceutical aerosols is characterized by liquid impingers and Andersen Cascade Impactors. The present study was aimed at comparing two metered dose inhaler formulation containing formoterol fumarate (6 μg) and budesonide (200 μg). These two fo...