background: gait disorder is a common motor complication after stroke. studies have revealed that conventional physiotherapy cannot manage this disorder efficiently; therefore, more studies regarding efficient treatment protocols are crucial. the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of compelled weight-bearing approach on muscle activation patterns during walking in individuals w...

DUANE'S retraction syndrome (Duane, 1905) is frequently but not invariably associated with convergent strabismus when the eyes are in the primary position (Duke-Elder, 1964); if a head-turn is present, it will be in the direction of action of the paretic lateral rectus muscle. In the atypical retraction syndrome, the medial rectus is more paretic than the lateral rectus muscle; there is exophor...

INTRODUCTION In esotropia with larger angles > near than at distance, splitting of the medial rectus muscle has been suggested as a treatment option. Previous reports of bilateral medial rectus Y-splitting as a first intervention showed a reduction of the distance/near disparity with fewer side effects compared to posterior fixation surgery. We address whether a medial rectus Y-splitting as a s...

The author presents his arguments to state that the Duane’s syndrome type III of the Huber’s classification does not exist. He takes the chance of those arguments to show why the medial rectus muscle recession in Duane’s syndrome with esotropia cripples the adduction more that it does in esotropias of other origins. He shows also why one must recess also the sound eye’s medial rectus in Duane’s...

Aim: Vertical incomitance can occur after muscle surgery, reasons remain unknown. In a prospective study, incidence and treatment was analysed. Material and methods: 40 consecutive esotropes where uniocular recession and resection was done were included in this study. First 20 had standard recession –resection and the rest 20 had hang back medial rectus recession along with resection andsplitti...

FIG. I Superior and inferior rectus muscles are displaced temporally, the nasal tip of each muscle being attached at the temporal end of the original insertion and the temporal tip being attached at the upper or lower end of the lateral rectus. The direction of the vertical rectus muscles is thereby changed, so that they abduct instead ofadducting. The operation is completed with a recession of...

OBJECTIVE Establish criteria for the diameters of normal extraocular muscles using computerized tomography in a Thai population. MATERIAL AND METHOD Diameters of extraocular muscles (medial, lateral, superior complex, and inferior rectus) were calculated for 200 patients on coronal direction of screening paranasal sinuses. The effects of age and sex were also analyzed. RESULT Normal ranges ...

OBJECTIVE To describe the effect of graded unilateral vs bilateral lateral rectus resection in the treatment of residual or recurrent esotropia after maximal medial rectus muscle recession. METHODS Retrospective case series of children with residual or recurrent esotropia. All children underwent initial eye muscle surgery for angles of 40 to 60 prism diopters (medial rectus recession of 5.5-6...

Recent studies have implicated exotropia as a risk factor for schizophrenia. We determined whether schizophrenia biomarkers have abnormal levels of expression in extraocular muscles from patients with strabismus and explored whether differences in gene expression between medial and lateral rectus muscles may explain the specific association of schizophrenia with exotropia but not esotropia. Sam...