Constrained ordination methods aims at finding an environmental gradient along which the species abundances are maximally separated. The species response functions, which describe the expected abundance as a function of the environmental score, are according to the ecological fundamental niche theory only meaningful if they are bell-shaped. Many classical model-based ordination methods, however...

Geographical curves are so involved in their detail that their lengths are often infinite or, rather, undefinable. However, many are statistically "selfsimilar," meaning that each portion can be considered a reduced-scale image of the whole. In that case, the degree of complication can be described by a quantity D that has many properties of a "dimension," though it is fractional; that is, it e...

We distinguish between undefined terms as used in lambda definability of partial recursive functions and meaningless terms as used in infinite lambda calculus for the infinitary terms models that generalise the Böhm model. While there are uncountable many known sets of meaningless terms, there are four known sets of undefined terms. Two of these four are sets of meaningless terms. In this paper...

We examined the learning process with 3 sets of stimuli that have identical symbolic structure but differ in appearance (meaningless letter strings, arrangements of geometric shapes, and sequences of cities). One hypothesis is that the learning process aims to encode symbolic regularity in the same way, largely regardless of appearance. Another is that different types of stimuli bias the learni...

Geographical curves are so involved in their detail that their lengths are often infinite or, rather, undefinable. However, many are statistically "selfsimilar," meaning that each portion can be considered a reduced-scale image of the whole. In that case, the degree of complication can be described by a quantity D that has many properties of a "dimension," though it is fractional; that is, it e...

In this paper we study meaningless sets in infinitary combinatory logic. So far only a handful of meaningless sets were known. We show that there are uncountably many meaningless sets. As an application to the semantics of finite combinatory logics, we show that there exist uncountably many combinatory algebras that are not a lambda algebra. We also study ways of weakening the axioms of meaning...

Information from different sensors can be fused in various ways. It is often difficult to choose the most suitable method for solving a fusion problem. In a measurement situation, the measured signal is often corrupted by disturbances (noise, etc.). It is, therefore, meaningless to compare crisp values without the corresponding uncertainty intervals. This paper describes a toolbox including nin...

The notion of a meaningless set has been defined for infinitary lambda calculus axiomatically. Standard examples of meaningless sets are sets of terms that have no head normal form, the set of terms without weak head normal form and the set of rootactive terms. The collection of meaningless sets is a lattice. In this paper, we study the way this lattices decompose as union of more elementary ke...