one of the difficulties in using absolute altitudes is the separation between the mean open sealevel and geoid. theoretically, geoid is the base level in absolute altitudes, but practically, the mean open sealevel is used as a base level for absolute altitudes. the difference between these two levels is called as the seasurface topography. in this research, it is dealt the mean sea level modeli...

The potential threats to the USA from current and projected sea level rise are significant, with profound environmental, social economic consequences. This study continues refinement improvement in analysis techniques for research beyond Fourth US National Climate Assessment (NCA4) report by incorporating further advancements time series of long tide gauge records integrated an improved vertica...