Results: Among the attributes, maternal and fetal monitoring stand out and, as antecedent, the identification of risks for preventing damage. The reduction of maternal and infant mortality and the well-being of the mother-child binomial were evident in this work. Following the establishment of model case and opposite case, the definition of safe childbirth was obtained: "the set of care measure...

This study analyzes two birth cohort surveys, the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (n=3944) and Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (n=7700), to examine variation in maternal depression by nativity, duration of residence, age at migration, and English proficiency in Australia and the United States. Both countries have long immigrant traditions and a common language. The results demonstr...

A long series of official reports testifies to the importance of maternal mortality as a social problem for most of the inter-war period.' A number of historians have studied its significance, with some reference to the "medicalization" of childbirth: most exhaustively, Jane Lewis, in connection with the politics of maternity care, and Irvine Loudon, in his reconsiderations of causality.2 The f...

In commercial production systems, abrupt mixing of pigs commonly results in aggression to establish social ranking (Turner et al., 2008). While mixing is beneficial for the producer, enabling batch finishing and space efficiency, significant welfare implications exist (Bracke & Hopster, 2006; Turner et al., 2009). Pigs exhibit physiological stress responses in association with aggression (Arey ...

BACKGROUND The objective of this cohort study was to examine the effect on birth weight of living in a disadvantaged neighbourhood in a Nordic welfare state. Birth weight is a health indicator known to be sensitive to political and welfare state conditions. No former studies on urban neighbourhood differences regarding mean birth weight have been carried out in a Nordic country. METHODS A reg...

OBJECTIVE To examine the association of positive report on a maternal depression screen (PDS) with loss or reduction of welfare support and foods stamps, household food insecurity, and child health measures among children aged < or =36 months at 6 urban hospitals and clinics. METHODS A convenience sample of 5306 mothers, whose children <36 months old were being seen in hospital general clinic...

Changing patterns of maternal employment, coupled with stronger work requirements for welfare recipients, are increasing the demand for child care. For many families, the cost of child care creates a financial burden; for mothers with low incomes and those who are former welfare recipients, these costs may be an insurmountable barrier to employment or economic self-sufficiency. Despite increase...

Effects of early and extended postpartum contact and paraprofessional home visits on maternal attachment, reports of child abuse and neglect, and health care utilization were determined by random assignment of 321 low-income women to intervention or control groups immediately after delivery. Observations of maternal attachment were made at four months and 12 months. Hospital, health and welfare...

Recently, increasing attention has been paid to the welfare of farm animals, which have been evaluated using behavioral and physiological measures. However, so far, the measures have almost always been used to estimate poor welfare. In this review, firstly we focus on how oxytocin (OT) relates to positive social behavior, pleasure, and stress tolerance, and second on which management factors st...