MMR (measles-mumps-rubella) immunization in Japan was suspended in 1993 due to the high incidence of mumps meningitis as a complication. As a result, immunization coverage for rubella still remains at the 50-60% level in Japan. One way to increase the coverage rate is to increase the frequency of immunization. We calculated the predicted positivity rate of the antibody and cost and the benefits...

Since vaccination is critical in responding to smallpox exposure, vaccination strategies must be evaluated during bioterrorism preparedness. Information on historical factors, smallpox characteristics, public health capabilities and hypothetical attack scenarios was used to evaluate major vaccination strategies. In event of a smallpox attack, the optimal strategy is situational, mass vaccinatio...

Achieving a high percentage of vaccination coverage with polio vaccine, while necessary, is not sufficient to eliminate or eradicate polio. The existence of pockets of under-vaccinated children has allowed outbreaks of polio in countries that have achieved high levels of vaccination coverage and in countries with no cases for many years. In a literature review, 35 articles were identified that ...

We study the dynamical effect of strange quark mass as well as kinematical one on the color-flavor unlocking transition using a NJL model. Paying a special attention to the multiplicity of gap parameters, we derive an exact formula of the effective potential for 5-gap parameters. Based on this, we discuss that the unlocking transition might be of second order rather than of first order as is pr...

Context Providing parents or primary caretakers with information about childhood vaccinations has been a long-standing practice for healthcare providers, public health, vaccine manufacturers and others. There are multiple methods of vaccination communication, including public health campaigns, individual counselling, advertising and the mass media, and the type of information provided about vac...

Among the 301 dogs vaccinated against rabies in a suburban area of Tunis, 165 were sero-surveyed for 13 months. One month after vaccination, 65% of the dogs less than 1 year of age and 76-84% of the older dogs had significant antibody titers. One month after annual revaccination, these percentages ranged between 92% and 100%. Puppies (less than 3 months old) responded to vaccination with no sig...

Objective To describe the implementation and feasibility of an innovative mass vaccination strategy - based on single-dose oral cholera vaccine - to curb a cholera epidemic in a large urban setting. Method In April 2016, in the early stages of a cholera outbreak in Lusaka, Zambia, the health ministry collaborated with Médecins Sans Frontières and the World Health Organization in organizing a ...