The middle ear apparatus is composed of three endochondrial ossicles (the stapes, incus and malleus) and two membranous bones, the tympanic ring and the gonium, which act as structural components to anchor the ossicles to the skull. Except for the stapes, these skeletal elements are unique to mammals and are derived from the first and second branchial arches. We show that, in combination with g...

Ossicular injury is a frequent complication of head trauma and temporal bone fractures. An isolated fracture of the malleus with lateral dislocation of the manubrium is extremely rare. High-resolution computed tomography is the method of choice for evaluation of ossicular trauma. Virtual endoscopy (VE) is a novel technique that provides a realistic surface rendering of various organs that can b...

Endochondral ossification is a developmental process by which cartilage is replaced by bone. Terminally differentiated hypertrophic chondrocytes are calcified, vascularized, and removed by chondroclasts before bone matrix is laid down by osteoblasts. In mammals, the malleus is one of three auditory ossicles that transmit vibrations of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear. The malleus is forme...

Nineteen cases of ossicular chain separation and ossicular dislocation due to head injury were presented. These cases were operated at an early stage after the trauma. The malleus was almost always involved in ossicular chain injury, while the incus was involved in 42% of our cases. The stapes was involved in 21%. The incudo-mallear joint is always separated while the incudo-stapedial joint is ...

OBJECTIVE To determine the feasibility of measuring tympanic membrane (TM) vibrations at multiple locations on the TM to differentiate normal eardrums from those with associated ossicular pathologies. DESIGN Cadaveric human temporal bone study. SETTING Basic science laboratory. METHODS A mastoidectomy and facial recess approach was performed on four cadaveric temporal bones to obtain acce...

In the present study, the human discomallear ligament (DML) was observed in structures at both macroscopic and cone beam computed tomography levels. Assessments were made regarding the distribution of calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP), protein gene-product (PGP) 9.5, and substance P (SP) of the DML based on immunohistochemical analyses of the anatomical properties of jaw movements using 27...

the objective of the current study was to determine the anatomical features of the auditory ossicles inhamster. twenty temporal bones from 10 adult hamsters, weighing 275-300 g were used. after dissectingthem, the features of the ossicles were assessed with an ocular micrometer and photographed by astereomicroscope. finally, all data were evaluated and analysed using the sigma statt software. t...