introduction: pheromones play a great role in the reproductive and social behavior of animals. the main sources of pheromones are urine and paracrine secretions. through the neuroendocrine system, prolactin is a safe parameter to measure and compare the effects of pheromones on the sexual, maternal and also lactating behavior. methods: female rats were divided into 19 groups (n=8). to measure t...

Fifty male and fifty female Spargue-Dawley rats were randomly chosen and used to study the sexual dimorphisms of stomachic histological structures. The rat stomach consisted of the nonglandular part and the glandular part. The gender differences of the nonglandular part existed in the thicknesses of the stratified squamous epithelium and the longitudinal muscle. These findings revealed that the...

Background: Cyclosporine is one of the main immunosuppressors used for renal transplant recipients, and is given to prevent transplant rejection. Although the drug increases the survival of patients and grafted organs, it has some side effects independent of its effect on the immune system that are usually ignored. Achillea Millefolium is famous for its medical application as an analgesic and a...

To explore the favourable functions of polysaccharide from Spirulina platensis (PSP) on sepsis-originated acute lung injury, together with corresponding mechanisms. 60 male SD rats were randomly separated into sham, sepsis, and sepsis+PSP group 20 in each group. Sepsis rat model was constructed by cecal ligation puncture (CLP). The mortality sepsis-related symptoms used to judge success. CLP su...

Objective(s): Nanoparticles of iron oxide (nFe2O3) are widely used in medicine and industry and could interfere with the brain processes associated with memory. The involvement of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the process of memory formation has been confirmed. The present study aimed to investigate the possible interference of the cholinergic muscarinic receptors of the dorsal hippocampa...

Rat urine contains many volatile constituents that may be used for chemical communication. The levels of certain urinary volatiles are strongly dependent on the sex and endocrine status (e.g., puberty). We performed chemical and behavioral studies to identify the volatiles in adult male rat urine that attract mature females. Our results demonstrated that adult male rats have higher levels of 2-...

Background: An estimated six percent of adult males are thought to be infertile. The opioid peptides, in particular enkephalins, are implicated in pain perception, in response to stress, and in reinforcement. Many studies have been performed on morphine and its deleterious effects on different parts of the body and reproductive system of animals and human. Soybean, widely used in animal and hum...