Abstract Shell and tube heat exchangers (STHEs) are the most common type of exchanger in preheat trains (PHT) oil refineries chemical process plants. Most commercial design software tools for STHE assume uniform distribution over all tubes a bundle. This leads to various challenges operation affected devices. Flow maldistribution reduces duty many applications supports fouling buildup fluids th...

• Thermography is a reliable technic to evaluate refrigerant maldistribution in Brazed Plate evaporators. Evaluation of at different evaporator working conditions. Conditions with 0 superheat show uniform thermal map. The rest the conditions have shown some degree maldistribution. effect on performance depends distribution brazed plate heat exchanger distributor has been studied thermographic c...

INTRODUCTION. What is the effect of maldistribution on the mass transfer efficiency of a distillation column containing structured packing?. The column of structured packing is considered to consist of a set of unit cells. Each pair of sheets gives a two-dimensional set of " elementary " cells:

Shortages in, and maldistribution of, the primary health care workforce will continue to limit access to health care. The current health reform proposals and policies recognise workforce development as a priority, but only partially address the barriers to improvement. In particular, there will need to be more systematic development of interdisciplinary education within primary health care serv...

BACKGROUND In Japan, the shortage of physicians has been recognized as a major medical issue. In our previous study, we reported that the absolute shortage will be resolved in the long term, but maldistribution among specialties will persist. To address regional shortage, several Japanese medical schools increased existing quota and established "regional quotas." This study aims to assist polic...

Maldistribution of health professionals between urban and rural areas has been a serious problem in China. Urban hospitals attract most of the health professionals with serious shortages in rural areas. To address this issue, a number of policies have been implemented by the government, such as free medical education in exchange for obligatory rural service.

The proposed hybrid control employs a primary expansion valve that provides most of the pressure drop, while small secondary balancing valves in the distributor lines to the evaporator circuits adjust the refrigerant flow to provide equal circuit exit superheats. This paper presents experimental results for application of hybrid control of expansion valves to a 5-ton R410A domestic heat pump. B...

BACKGROUND Alveolar volume measured according to the American Thoracic Society-European Respiratory Society (ATS-ERS) guidelines during the single breath diffusion test can be underestimated when there is maldistribution of ventilation. Therefore, the alveolar volume calculated by taking into account the ATS-ERS guidelines was compared to the alveolar volume measured from sequentiallly collecte...