data envelopment analysis (dea) is a technique that uses all collected observations to measure performance. this method presents no data about how to operate on dmu. the present research attempted to study a unit with all its subunits, if the unit is efficient, it means that all its subunits are efficient too and if it is an inefficient, it shows clearly that which one of the subunits makes ine...

In the traditional cost-efficiency model, the information about each decision unit includes inputs, outputs, and the input prices are fixed and specific. In practice, the price of the inputs often fluctuates at different times, and these prices for the decision-making unit are time-dependent. By the traditional method, the efficiency of decision units is impossible in the presence of time-depen...

The strategic value of knowledge sharing has long been recognized but valuable competencies are too often locked in one business unit. This paper provides insight into the role of organizational factors in spreading complex bundles of knowledge among business units. A study in a British multinational confirms the importance of knowledge transferability, headquarters' role, the close relationshi...