there are many published articles which cover current and future challenges of epidemiology. however, up until now, most of them are written by developed world epidemiologists. therefore, despite a common use of assumptions, they did not have the opportunity to discuss the different range of practical tasks and priorities away from developed countries. the topics covered are; facing poverty, no...

This paper looks into the concepts of electronic commerce (e-commerce) through the utilization of the Internet technologies. The study introduces the concept in finding a contextual diagram and talks further about the evolution of e-commerce. Thereafter, it develops a framework after deducting through various business models using an exploratory review. However, the main thrust of the paper is ...

background & purpose: promotion of postgraduate medical education (pgme) is constantly one of the main concerns’ for medical education policy makers because of the key role of residents and graduated specialists/subspecialists in health care system. this study aimed to determine challenges, and potential solutions for promoting the pgme in iran by exploring the expert’s implicit knowledge.  met...

electronic  waste  or  e-waste  is  relatively  a  novel  addition  to  the  ever-growing  hazardous waste stream. it includes discarded electronic and electrical equipment. developing countries face enormous challenges which are related to the generation and management of e-waste which are either internally generated or imported illegally; india is no exception. however, the existing managemen...

context distributing health care services in remote and rural areas have become a major health problem for many developing countries. telemedicine presents solutions to developing countries for better disease prevention, disease management, emergency services and practicing medicine in areas with limited access to healthcare services and facilities. although the willingness of developing countr...

The article depicts the situation before Cold War in which developing countries (DCs) and least Developed countries (LDCs) found themselves big loser, as they were deprived from participation in trade negotiation process, leading into establishment of GATT . Therefore, they resorted to UNCTAD  as the sole defender of their interests against Developed Countries in trade negotiations. UNCTAD has ...

background and purpose: studies have shown the advantages of e-cme programs. developing case-based e-cme activities, one of the popular formats of e-cme programs, is difficult and time consuming. in this article we describe our experience of performing instructional system design for creating case-based e-cme contents.  methods: we performed a five-step instructional system design (i.e. system ...