چکیده یکی از پارامترهای اصلی در دنبال کردن تاریخچه ی تشکیل ستاره ها و تحول کهکشان ها، مطالعه ی میزان فراوانی عناصر آن ها است. در این پایان نامه برای مطالعه ی همبستگی میان فراوانی فلزی و جرم ستاره ای کهکشان ها، از داده های طیفی 89 کهکشانِ ستاره زا استفاده شده است. طیف ها توسط طیف نگار فورس2 از میدان ژرف جنوبی چاندرا گرفته شده و جابه جایی به سرخ طیف ها همه بزرگتر از نیم و کوچکتر از یک هستند. جر...

the purpose of this study was to investigate how english language teachers in mashhad who teach students in the pre-university cycle perceived the impact of the efltee on their teaching. the target population was nearly all pre-university english language teachers in seven districts of mashhad in the scholastic year 2008/2009. a survey questionnaire which consisted of (36) likert type items, wa...

abstract this study attempted to investigate the strategies used to translate clichés of emotions in dubbed movies in iranian dubbing context for home video companies. the corpus of the current study was parallel and comparable in nature, consisting of five original american movies and their dubbed versions in persian, and five original persian movies which served as a touchstone for judging n...

introduction acetic acid bacteria are large group of obligate aerobic gram negative bacteria with the ability to oxidize ethanol to acetic acid (1). they are widely distributed in natural habitats and classified in family acetobacteraceae. members of this family are useful in industrial production of vinegar(2). acetic acid bacteria (aab) can use substrates as glucose, ethanol, lactate or glyc...

abstract the present study was conducted to examine the effect of proficiency on students interaction while carrying out the grammar-based task(s) in collaboration. in particular, the study examines whether the level of proficiency affects the learners’ focus of attention to grammatical and lexical features. the study takes a further step and examines whether there is any difference in the use...

abstract in written mode of language, metadiscourse markers are used commonly to help writers in general and academic writers in particular to produce coherent and professional texts. the purpose of the present study was to compare introduction sections of applied linguistics and physics articles regarding their use of interactive and interactional metadiscourse markers based on the model pro...

chapter i provides an overview of structural linguistics and touches upon the saussurean dichotomies with the final goal of exploring their relevance to the stylistic studies of literature. to provide evidence for the singificance of the study, chapter ii deals with the controversial issue of linguistics and literature, and presents opposing views which, at the same time, have been central to t...