INTRODUCTION There is major maldistribution of physicians in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). While 70% of Congolese live in rural areas, relatively few doctors practice there. Of the 25 medical schools in the DRC (14 public and 11 private) only one private medical school is located in a rural area. The purpose of this article was to analyse and compare the graduates of an urban- and...

locating landfills in urban areas is one of the most important issues in urban planning because of the effect on economy, ecology, and environment, therefore the right management and principled landfilling of solid waste is the major concern all over the world especially in the developed countries. in locating landfills, different criteria should be considered. in the present study, locating si...

In this paper, a method for establishing a support criterion or poverty line is developed based on Engel’s Law and domestic nutritional values. The support criterion is differentiated across rural and urban areas. An important result is that for 1989, people who spend less than 108,000 Rials annually lie inside the poverty line in urban areas. A further important result is that food should be g...

The changes in human population often correspond with change in land use, including expansion of urban areas, agriculture and increasing industrialization, which necessitate increasing the available amount of drinking water. As the surface water sources are under the pressure of pollution, it has become necessary to use groundwater at an increasing rate. Groundwater recharge can be abundant in ...

Road traffic injuries and fatalities are increasing in Ghana. Police-collected crash and injury data for the period 1994-1998 were aggregated and analyzed using the MAAP5 accident analysis package developed by the Transport Research Laboratory, U.K. Published results of recent transport-related epidemiological and other surveys provided an additional data source. According to the 1994-1998 poli...

The expansion of underground structures is important in urban areas with high population density. In most large cities in the world, urban development is spreading along the structures. These structures are generally located at shallow depth; therefore study of shallow tunnels in urban areas is critical for development. During the excavation of tunnels in urban areas, creating the asymmetric se...