sn-networks were first introduced by Lin [12], which are the concept between weak bases and cs-networks. sn-metrizable spaces [6] (i.e., spaces with σ-locally finite sn-networks) are one class of generalized metric spaces, and they play an important role in metrization theory, see [6, 13]. In this paper, we give a mapping theorem on sn-metrizable spaces, discuss relationships among spaces with ...

many researchers adopt local binary pattern for pattern analysis. however, the long histogram created by local binary pattern is not suitable for large-scale facial database. this paper presents a simple facial pattern descriptor for facial expression recognition. local pattern is computed based on local gradient flow from one side to another side through the center pixel in a 3x3 pixels region...

Copy-move forgery is one of most frequently used types of image forgery. During copy-move process a fragment of the image is copied and pasted to another location of the same image to hide some important area of the image. The purpose of copy-move forgery detection algorithm is to identify duplicated areas in the image. This method is based on the calculating features in a sliding or an overlap...

Semi-steppe rangelands are a complex, highly dynamic and often multi-layered mosaic of grassland, shrubland, and intermediate communities. A few recent studies have explicitly or implicitly developed synthetic hypotheses about how interactive effects of human made disturbances initiate dynamic changes in plant community composition to cause a shifting mosaic of vegetation pattern across the lan...

Semi-steppe rangelands are a complex, highly dynamic and often multi-layered mosaic of grassland, shrubland, and intermediate communities. A few recent studies have explicitly or implicitly developed synthetic hypotheses about how interactive effects of human made disturbances initiate dynamic changes in plant community composition to cause a shifting mosaic of vegetation pattern across the lan...

Many researchers adopt Local Binary Pattern for pattern analysis. However, the long histogram created by Local Binary Pattern is not suitable for large-scale facial database. This paper presents a simple facial pattern descriptor for facial expression recognition. Local pattern is computed based on local gradient flow from one side to another side through the center pixel in a 3x3 pixels region...

In this paper, we reviewed different methods used in Content-based image retrieval, to resolve the problem of efficient and similar digital image retrieval from large databases with high precision. Uses of different features like texture, color, shape have been focused in different ways to implement better and faster retrieval of data through different CBIR methods. Methods like Statistical Fra...

In this paper, we investigate the existence and characterizations of the Fréchet derivatives of the solution to time-harmonic elastic scattering problems with respect to the boundary of the obstacle. Our analysis is based on a technique the factorization of the difference of the far-field pattern for two different scatterers introduced by Kress and Païvarinta to establish Fréchet differentiabil...