Recent results from present-day instantiations of the Turing test, most notably the annual Loebner Prize competition, have fueled the perception that the test has either already been passed or that it soon will be. With this perception comes the implication that computers are on the verge of achieving human-level cognition. We argue that the perspective on the Turing test is flawed because it l...

For many years computer graphics has been used in calculus-level classrooms to visualize diverse mathematical objects. In the two dimensional case, this usually encompasses reproducing images that are familiar from centuries of masterful art practiced in books and on blackboards. Unfortunately, in the three dimensional case, many uses are of a disappointingly similar character, instead of pounc...

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the kind of attitude to mulla sadra’s works is important in deducing his views accurately. here, there are two types of attitudes. first, the real sadra’s views are what we understand literally from his assertions. the second is that the deduction of his final ideas needs some philosophical independent judgment (ijtihad) in addition to what is understood literally from his assertions and other ...