Electronic cigarettes (E-cigarettes) were designed to replace traditional decrease the harmful effects of smoking. The liquid in e-cigarettes contains different chemicals, such as Propylene Glycol (PG) and Vegetable Glycerin (VG), may contain nicotine. To be more attractive, e-liquids are supplemented with flavorings. Because vaped shown damaging oral tissues, similar could occur cavity non-vap...

the present investigation entails a procedure by which the surface tension and viscosity of liquids could be redicted.to this end, capillary experiments were performed for porous media by utilizing fifteen different liquids and powders. the time of capillary rise to a certain known height of each liquid in a particular powder was recorded. two artificial neural networks (anns) were designed and...

Ionic liquids (ILs), entirely composed of cations and anions, are liquid solvents at room temperature. They are interesting due to their low vapor pressure, high polarity and thermostability, and also for the possibility to fine-tune their physicochemical properties through modification of the chemical structures of their cations or anions. In recent years, ILs have been widely used in biotechn...

The production of distillate fuels and chemicals from coal has never been economical in a free market economy. The principal factors which contribute to the high cost of coal-derived liquids are the large amounts of hydrogen which must be added to remove heteroatoms and to convert material containing about 5 wt% hydrogen to products with between 12 to 14 wt% hydrogen, the severe reaction condit...

The e-liquids used in electronic cigarettes (E-cigs) consist of propylene glycol (PG), vegetable glycerin (VG), nicotine, and chemical additives for flavoring. There are currently over 7,700 e-liquid flavors available, and while some have been tested for toxicity in the laboratory, most have not. Here, we developed a 3-phase, 384-well, plate-based, high-throughput screening (HTS) assay to rapid...

We analyzed 42 models from 14 brands of refill liquids for e-cigarettes for the presence of micro-organisms, diethylene glycol, ethylene glycol, hydrocarbons, ethanol, aldehydes, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, and solvents. All the liquids under scrutiny complied with norms for the absence of yeast, mold, aerobic microbes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Diethylene glycol, et...

Industrial and agricultural endeavors are intimately associated with the extensive use of a wide array of chemicals. Historically chemical wastes generated through industrial processes were disposed of through flagrant release into the environment. Gasses quickly dispersed into the atmosphere; liquids were diluted into receiving waters and efficiently transported away from the site of generatio...

In industry, liquids such as water and chemicals are used in various processes. The amount of such liquids stored can be found by measuring level of the liquid in a container or tank. The level affects not only the quantity delivered but also pressure and rate of flow in and out of the container. Often the tanks are so coupled together that the levels interact and exhibits a nonlinear behaviour...

Ionic liquid based, ultrasound-assisted extraction was successfully applied to the extraction of phenolcarboxylic acids, carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid, from Rosmarinus officinalis. Eight ionic liquids, with different cations and anions, were investigated in this work and [C(8)mim]Br was selected as the optimal solvent. Ultrasound extraction parameters, including soaking time, solid-liquid r...