UNLABELLED PREMISE OF THE STUDY Human nitrogen (N) inputs to terrestrial ecosystems have greatly increased in recent years and may have important consequences for plant growth, reproduction, and defense. Although numerous studies have investigated the effects of nitrogen addition on plants, few have examined both above- and belowground responses within a range of predicted increase and apart...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS The role of flower specialization in plant speciation and evolution remains controversial. In this study the evolution of flower traits restricting access to pollinators was analysed in the bifid toadflaxes (Linaria sect. Versicolores), a monophyletic group of ~30 species and subspecies with highly specialized corollas. METHODS A time-calibrated phylogeny based on both nuc...

9 Abstract In mountainous areas, native and non-native 10 plants will be exposed to climate change and increased 11 disturbance in the future. Non-native plants may be more 12 successful than natives in disturbed areas and thus be able 13 to respond quicker to shifting climatic zones. In 2009, 14 monitoring plots were established for populations of a non15 native species (Linaria dalmatica) and...