In cooperatively breeding species, parents often use helper contributions to offspring care to cut their own costs of investment (i.e. load-lightening). Understanding the process of load-lightening is essential to understanding both the rules governing parental investment and the adaptive value of helping behaviour, but little experimental work has been conducted. Here we report the results of ...

Dyspigmentation in burn scars can contribute to the development of psychosocial complications after injury and can be detrimental to social reintegration and quality of life for burn survivors. Although treatments for skin lightening to treat hyperpigmentation have been well reviewed in the literature, skin-darkening strategies to treat hypopigmentation have not. The following potential treatme...

Background: Paper mulberry is one of the most common skin-lightening agents in beauty industry due to its strong anti-tyrosinase activity. This narrative review aims summarize chemical composition, biological activities, and applications paper cosmetics. Method: The literature for this article was acquired from PubMed, Web Science, Google Scholar databases before September 2022. keywords search...

Ligninolytic extracellular enzymes, including lignin peroxidase, are topical owing to their high redox potential and prospective industrial applications. The prospective applications of lignin peroxidase span through sectors such as biorefinery, textile, energy, bioremediation, cosmetology, and dermatology industries. The litany of potentials attributed to lignin peroxidase is occasioned by its...

This article describes the history of melatonin's transformation, in the perception of the biomedical community, from a skin-lightening agent in amphibians to a hormone in mammals, which may also exert important behavioral--and physiological--effects in humans.

The inverse correlation between skin pigmentation and latitude observed in human populations is thought to have been shaped by selective pressures favoring lighter skin to facilitate vitamin D synthesis in regions far from the equator. Several candidate genes for skin pigmentation have been shown to exhibit patterns of polymorphism that overlap the geospatial variation in skin color. However, l...