Mammalian mothers provide water to their young via milk. Rodent mothers reclaim much of this water by licking the anogenital areas of their pups, stimulating reflexive urination, and consuming the pups' urine. Male rodents do not provide milk (hence water) to the young, but in some species male parents may nevertheless lick their pups. We determined the amount of water transfer from pups to mot...

All animals need water to live, but not all of them drink it from their surroundings. Drinking free rivers or puddles is just one many ways that get the they need. Until recently, koalas were thought most leaves eat. But, after years koala watchers getting caught in rain, scientists and volunteers began sharing similar, strange stories. These sleepy waking up during storms giving tree bark a li...

Legends for Fig. 2 IV. so Persei. This star is not known to be a variable. The observations are of moderate accuracy, being normal places from one-prism observations by Jordan at Allegheny. It is a star of very complex and erratic behavior. Cannon5 (observations not shown) postulated a secondary of one-half the main period, but it is impossible to satisfy Jordan's data in this manner. V. 62 Cyg...

Animals learn which foods to ingest and which to avoid. Despite many studies, the electrophysiological correlates underlying this behavior at the gustatory-reward circuit level remain poorly understood. For this reason, we measured the simultaneous electrical activity of neuronal ensembles in the orbitofrontal cortex, insular cortex, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens while rats licked for taste c...

Food-deprived Wistar rats were exposed to a fixed-time (FT) 60-s food delivery schedule until they developed schedule-induced drinking. Rats were matched in pairs according to their licking rates and were designated master or yoked at random. Every fifth lick by master rats was followed by an electric shock during two signalled 5-min periods, which ran concurrently with the food delivery schedu...

The role of dopamine in controlling behavior remains poorly understood. In this study we examined licking behavior in an established hyperdopaminergic mouse model-dopamine transporter knockout (DAT KO) mice. DAT KO mice showed higher rates of licking, which is due to increased perseveration of licking in a bout. By contrast, they showed increased individual lick durations, and reduced inter-lic...

Optimizing pain relief resulting from spinal manipulative therapies, including low velocity variable amplitude spinal manipulation (LVVA-SM), requires determining their mechanisms. Pain models that incorporate simulated spinal manipulative therapy treatments are needed for these studies. The antinociceptive effects of a single LVVA-SM treatment on rat nociceptive behavior during the commonly us...

Localization of the central rhythm generator (CRG) of spontaneous consummatory licking was studied in freely moving rats by microinjection of tetrodotoxin (TTX) into the pontine reticular formation. Maximum suppression of spontaneous water consumption was elicited by TTX (1 ng) blockade of the oral part of the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (NRG), whereas TTX injections into more caudal ...