In this paper, we develop a new central finite difference scheme in terms of both time and space for solving the first-order necessary optimality systems that characterize the optimal control of wave equations. The obtained new scheme is proved to be unconditionally convergent with a second-order accuracy, without the requirement of Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) condition on the corresponding g...

Many contemporary problems in science involve making predictions based on partial observation of extremely complicated spatially extended systems with many degrees of freedom and with physical instabilities on both large and small scale. Various new ensemble filtering strategies have been developed recently for these applications, and new mathematical issues arise. Because ensembles are extreme...

In this work, a steady discrete unified gas kinetic scheme (SDUGKS) is proposed to solve the radiative transfer equation (RTE), which an improvement of original SDUGKS [X. F. Zhou et al., J. Comput. Phys. 423, 109767 (2020)]. The trapezoidal rule other than rectangular used in adopted method reconstruction energy flux across cell interface, just as unsteady DUGKS. By way, length characteristic ...

Few detailed clinico-pathological correlations of Parkinson's disease have been published. The pathological findings in 100 patients diagnosed prospectively by a group of consultant neurologists as having idiopathic Parkinson's disease are reported. Seventy six had nigral Lewy bodies, and in all of these Lewy bodies were also found in the cerebral cortex. In 24 cases without Lewy bodies, diagno...

Abstract A quasi–second-order scheme is developed to obtain approximate solutions of the two-dimensional shallow water equations (SWEs) with bathymetry. The based on a staggered finite volume space discretization: scalar unknowns are located in discretization cells while vector edges mesh. monotonic upwind-central for conservation laws (MUSCL)-like interpolation discrete convection operators he...

ABSTRACT The discretization of river networks is a critical step for computing flow routing in hydrological models. However, when it comes to more complex hydrologic-hydrodynamic models, adaptations the spatial representation model calculation units are further required allow cost-effective simulations, especially large scale applications. objective this paper assess impacts on simulated discha...

The design and management of infrastructure is a significant challenge for traffic engineers planners. Accurate characterization necessary effective utilization. Thus, models are required that can characterize variety conditions be employed homogeneous, heterogeneous, equilibrium non-equilibrium traffic. Lighthill-Whitham-Richards (LWR) model widely used because its simplicity. This characteriz...

The increasing volume of vehicles on the road has had a significant impact traffic flow. Congestion in urban areas is now major concern. To mitigate congestion, an accurate model required which based realistic dynamics. A new proposed conservation law considers dynamics at transitions. Traffic alignment to forward conditions affected by time and distance between vehicles. Thus, well-known Light...

The paper is about a class of languages that extends context-free languages (CFL) and is stable under shuffle. Specifically, we investigate the class of partially-commutative context-free languages (pc CFL), where non-terminal symbols are commutative according to a binary independence relation, very much like in trace theory. The class has been recently proposed as a robust class subsuming CFL ...