TOC is the acronym for total organic carbon. The first TOC methods were developed to correlate information obtained from chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) tests in drinking and wastewater. Today new government regulations are making TOC analysis a standard test for all industry water types. This paper discusses the principles of operation of common TOC methods and...

The total organic carbon content (TOC) is a crucial indicator for the evaluation of shale gas reservoirs, traditionally estimated by measuring cores, cuttings or sidewall cores in laboratory with source rock evaluation instruments. Limited by the number of rock samples, the experimental results are not continuous and it is impossible to show the whole face of a source rock bed. Continuous high ...

Ž . Ž . Samples for total organic carbon TOC analysis were collected on WOCE Line P15S 08 to 678S along 1708W and from Ž . 538 to 678S along 1708E in the western South Pacific, and on Line I8 58N to 438S along 808r908E in the central Indian Ocean. TOC concentrations in the upper ocean varied greatly between the regions studied. Highest surface TOC Ž . Ž . concentrations 81–85 mM C and 68–73 mM ...

BACKGROUND Despite the increasing popularity of the theory of change (ToC) approach, little is known about the extent to which ToC has been used in the design and evaluation of public health interventions. This review aims to determine how ToCs have been developed and used in the development and evaluation of public health interventions globally. METHODS We searched for papers reporting the u...

Laboratory methods for measuring bioaccumulation of organic contaminants from sediment into aquatic organisms continue to improve, but some aspects are still in need of standardization. From a review of published methods, we noted that the loading density of organisms was determined inconsistently and was primarily based on either sediment volume or total organic carbon (TOC). The rationale mai...

Em 2005, a Organização Mundial de Saúde revisou e atualizou a classificação dos tumores odontogênicos, e algumas terminologias foram modificadas. Devido à sua natureza neoplásica, o ceratocisto odontogênico, anteriormente classificado como um cisto, teve seu nome alterado para tumor odontogênico ceratocístico (TOC). A prevalência de TOC no seio maxilar é de apenas 1%.1 O TOC possui taxa elevada...

[1] Large spatial and temporal variations in stream total organic carbon (TOC) concentration and export occurred during an 11-year observation period (1993–2003) in a boreal headwater catchment. TOC flux and concentration patterns from mireand forestdominated subcatchments differed (mean annual flux 8.2 g m 2 a 1 versus 5.8 g m 2 a ). Temporal variations in stream TOC concentrations in both lan...

Chloroplast biogenesis often requires a tight orchestration between gene expression (both plastidial and nuclear) and translocation of ~3000 nuclear-encoded proteins into the organelle. Protein translocation is achieved via two multimeric import machineries at the outer (TOC) and inner (TIC) envelope of chloroplast, respectively. Three components constitute the core element of the TOC complex: ...

The abutment(s) of a partial fixed dental prosthesis (PFDP) should have a minimal total occlusal convergence (TOC), also called a taper, in order to ensure adequate retention of a PFDP that will be made for the abutment(s), given the height of the abutment(s). This article reviews the concept of PFDP abutment TOC and presents an alternative definition of what TOC is, defining it as the extent t...