Price discrimination usually requires a mechanism to prevent arbitrage. In respect of intellectual property, the mechanisms include bans on parallel importation in intellectual property legislation and licensing and distribution contracts that separate one group of users from another. A reasonable thesis would be to expose all market segmentation of intellectual property to the full force of co...

In this paper, a new construction method of a fuzzy implication from two given ones, called e-generation method, is introduced. This method allows to control, up to a certain level, the increasingness on the second variable of the fuzzy implication through an adequate scaling on that variable of the two given implications. The natural propagation of the most usual properties of fuzzy implicatio...

In this paper, the authors investigate the ordering property (OP), x y I x y ≤ ⇔ ( ) = , 1 , together with the general form of the law of importation(LI), i.e., I T x y z I x I y z , , , , ( ) ( ) = ( ) ( ) , whereT is a t-norm and I is a fuzzy implication for the four main classes of fuzzy implications. The authors give necessary and sufficient conditions under which both (OP) and (LI) holds f...

We present a model for the distribution of family names that explains the power-law decay of the probability distribution for the number of people with a given family name. The model includes a description of the process of generation or importation of new names, and a description of the growth of the number of individuals with a name, and corresponds for a long-enduring culture to a Galton–Wat...

All mitochondrial tRNAs in kinetoplastid protozoa are encoded in the nucleus and imported from the cytosol. Incubation of two in vitro-transcribed tRNAs, tRNA(Ile)(UAU) and tRNA(Gln)(CUG), with isolated mitochondria from Leishmania tarentolae, in the absence of any added cytosolic fraction, resulted in a protease-sensitive, ATP-dependent importation, as measured by nuclease protection. Evidence...

In 2012, Madeira reported its first major outbreak of dengue. To identify the origin of the imported dengue virus, we investigated the interconnectivity via air travel between dengue-endemic countries and Madeira, and compared available sequences against GenBank. There were 22,948 air travellers to Madeira in 2012, originating from twenty-nine dengue-endemic countries; 89.6% of these internatio...