Qur’anic verses and hadiths certify that Allah has bestowed dignity upon mankind. Therefore, man essentially deserves respect. Islamic law has primarily made use of two ways to safeguard human dignity. First, there are prohibitions in Islamic law that safeguard man’s dignity. Second, the penal laws of Islam restrict punishments to those cases where they are absolutely necessary. In this article...

competition is against monopoly and intellectual property creates monopoly for intellectual property owner. this article had been paid cooperation between apparently contradictory policies. exhaustion, parallel imports, compulsory license, intellectual property exploitation contract that coincide with competition are methods of cooperation between intellectual property and competition law. comp...

it's obvious that there is a serious and powerful bond between different branches of humanities and social sciences. sociology of law is a good example in which law and sociology make an organized ensemble. sociology of law has emerged as an independent science which is, or should be, based on empiric rationality. the discipline is neither based on metaphysics (contrary to the philosophy of law...

all political institutions should obey public law and be legitimated by the mass. in this article there is a conceptual differentiation between »protecting political system theory «(p.p.s.t) and »public law«, and others  referring to the islamic principles try give an answer to these question: what is the relationship between protecting political system duty and necessity of practicing »public ...

the principle of legality is a fundamental principle of criminal law within all statutory legal systems. the principle has been recognized in the iranian legal system which has been influenced by islamic law as well as french law especially since the beginning of the codification era. conversely, in english law which is mainly defined by common law, recently have been taken significant steps to...

This study examines law enforcement dilemmas in child pornography possession investigations in which no offender was arrested. A mail survey of US law enforcement agencies identified a sample of Internet child pornography possession cases where no arrest was made. Telephone surveys with law enforcement investigators were used to collect casespecific data and information on dilemmas in these inv...

In this paper three models of parallel speedup are studied. They are xed-size speedup, xed-time speedup and memory-bounded speedup. The latter two consider the relationship between speedup and problem scalability. Two sets of speedup formulations are derived for these three models. One set considers uneven workload allocation and communication overhead, and gives more accurate estimation. Anoth...

The Bradford distribution is introduced and explained; its ambiguity, arising from two different conceptions, and relationship to the Zipf distribution are discussed. The general situation that might be expected to yield such a distribution is described and shown to fit the interaction between book users and books available for use in a library. Circulation data from a major research library ar...

Until a few decades ago, the police were mainly a reactive bureaucratic organization that moved from one criminal event to the next, according to the degree to which the outside world required its services. Since then the police have abandoned the emphasis on law enforcement with regards to petty crime and public order. More recently the police have developed community policing as an important ...