In insects, whilst variations in life cycles are common, the basic patterns typical for particular groups remain generally conserved. One of the more extreme modifications is found in some subterranean beetles of the tribe Leptodirini, in which the number of larval instars is reduced from the ancestral three to two and ultimately one, which is not active and does not feed. We analysed all avail...

biological reactions of the two-spotted spider mite (tss), tetranychus urticae, were studied on nine cultivars of tomatoes. the spider mites were reared on leaf discs, taken from fruiting stages of the host plants. the effects of feeding on some tomato cultivars, namely: long shelf life, meran (greenhouse cultivars), redclude, western red, imperial, yazd, mazandaran, west azarbaijan and khorasa...

The number of pupae formed per female, the duration of the larval period, and the duration of the pupal-imago period of a normal Drosophila culture and of the 230th generation of an aseptic culture which had been kept in the dark have been determined. The larval period and the pupal-imago period were found to be nearly the same for both cultures under both favorable and unfavorable conditions. ...

Genetic trade-offs such as between generalist-specialist strategies can be masked by changes in compensatory processes involving energy allocation and acquisition which regulation depends on the state of the individual and its ecological surroundings. Failure to account for such state dependence may thus lead to misconceptions about the trade-off structure and nature of constraints governing re...

Monochamus saltuarius is a vector of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Japan, South Korea, and the middle temperate zone China. However, there are only few reports on this species China, its biological characteristics still unclear. In study, we aimed to elucidate larval development adult flight period M. provide theoretical basis for effective control pine wilt disease Seven morphological variable...

The first winter in the life cycle of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba is a critical period in which larval survival and recruitment to the adult population are highly sensitive to environmental conditions, yet little is known about larval physiological dynamics during this period. An individual-based model was developed to investigate patterns of larval krill growth and condition factor in re...

Many marine invertebrates with complex life cycles produce planktonic larvae that experience environmental conditions different from those encountered by adults. Factors such as temperature and food, known to impact the larval period, can also affect larval size and consequently the size of newly settled juveniles. After documenting natural variation in the size of cyprids (the final larval sta...

Metamorphosis is often characterized by profound changes in morphology and physiology that can affect the dynamics of species interactions. For example, the interaction between a pathogen and its host may differ depending on the life stage of the host or pathogen. One pathogen that infects hosts with complex life cycles is the emerging fungal pathogen of amphibians, Batrachochytrium dendrobatid...