This chapter describes the methodology used in EPA’s Waste Reduction Model (WARM) to estimate streamlined life‐cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emission factors for asphalt shingles beginning at the waste generation reference point. The WARM GHG emission factors are used to compare the net emissions associated with asphalt shingles in the following four waste management alternatives: source reduction...

However excellent a product may be environmentally, it would not come into wide use in the economy to realize its environmental load reducing potential unless it is also economically affordable. Life-cycle costing (LCC) is a tool to assess the cost of a product over its entire life cycle, and can be regarded as an economic counterpart of LCA. A combined use of LCA and LCC would be imperative fo...

In Tunisia, olive mill wastewater (OMWW) locally named ‘margine’ constitutes a serious problem due to its huge amount, of about one million ton per year, and the high pollutant load resulting in excessive chemical oxygen demand (COD) values presence phytotoxic antibacterial polyphenols. The most common treatment OMWW was storage evaporation ponds which are authorized but uncontrolled. Thus, it ...

There is increasing concern about landfilling of biodegradable wastes. Therefore, biological treatment processes such as composting and biogasification have been considered as alternative strategies for managing those wastes. In this work, life cycle assessment was employed to compare the environmental impacts of landfilling, composting, and biological treatment of municipal solid waste in São ...

We model a municipal solid waste (MSW)-to-ethanol facility that employs dilute acid hydrolysis and gravity pressure vessel technology and estimate life cycle energy use and air emissions. We compare our results, assuming the ethanol is utilized as E85 (blended with 15% gasoline) in a light-duty vehicle, with extant life cycle assessments of gasoline, corn-ethanol, and energy crop-cellulosic-eth...

Storing municipal solid waste (MSW) in landfills is the oldest and still the primary waste management strategy in many countries. Russia is the third largest methane (CH4) emitter country after USA and China, representing 5% of total global CH4 emissions from waste landfilling. Due to high economical growth, the amount of waste generated in Russia has risen sharply over the last ten years. Howe...

The goal of sustainable management of municipal solid waste (MSW), integrated planning required by financial support to control the situation. Life cycle assessment, categorisation, recycling of wastes and proper landfilling are required.