1/ 1/ I am grateful to Mizanour Rahman Chowdhury, Association for Land Reform and Development, Dhaka, for giving me fresh insights into many complex land reform issues in Bangladesh and Krishna Ghimire, UNRISD, Geneva, for streamlining my thoughts in this chapter.

Anthropogenic activity interacts with urban form and inner metabolic processes, ultimately impacting urban sustainability. China’s cities have experienced many environmental issues and metabolic disturbances since the nation-wide market-oriented “reform and opening-up” policy was adopted in the 1980s. To analyze urban reform policy impacts and metabolism sustainability at a settlement scale, th...

The central government of the People’s Republic of China enacted a fiscal reform known as the “Province-Managing-County” (PMC) reform in the early 2000s. This reform eliminated the prefecture city government as the intermediate layer between the province and the county. We apply a difference-in-difference method using a panel data set of 263 cities nationwide over the period of 1999-2011 to exa...

In this article, we argue that research on land reform in the nation of Zimbabwe has overlooked possibilities of integrating geospatial methods into analyses and, at the same time, geographers have not adequately developed techniques for this application. Scholars have generally been captured within the debate focused on the success or failure of the Zimbabwean land reform program, and have neg...

In reviewing the outcomes of 70 years of land reforms in Latin America, we arrive at the following ten lessons that give guidelines for future programs of access to land. Lesson 1: Latin American land reforms have generally been “incomplete” in that they have not provided beneficiaries with the prerequisites for competitiveness. As a consequence, they have had a poor record in solving the pover...

sociology of literature has relation with sociology on the one hand and and the literature on the other hand. delving into the  relation between literature and society forms basis of socialogical criticism of the literature. this approach focuses mainly on the structure and content of literary work and its relationship with society and interactions of literature, society and reflection of socia...

ing issues from the overall programme and perspective, there appear to be significant moments of c~!_l.se~l!_S between_ the ANC and_ Wo.rld_Bank particularly with regard to the scale, scope and general direction of the land reform process in South Africa. There are, however, three main disagreements between the ANC and the World Bank. The first centres on th~motivation for land reform. Whilst t...