We study the relationship between regulatory regimes and pharmaceutical firms’ pricing strategies using a unique policy experiment from Norway, which in 2003 introduced a reference price (RP) system called “index pricing” for a sub-sample of off-patent pharmaceuticals, replacing the existing price cap (PC) regulation. We estimate the effect of the reform using a product level panel dataset, cov...

Protein-protein interactions drive the assembly of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) capsid. A key interaction occurs between the C-terminal tail of the scaffold protein (pre-22a) and the major capsid protein (VP5). Previously (Z. Hong, M. Beaudet-Miller, J. Durkin, R. Zhang, and A. D. Kwong, J. Virol. 70:533-540, 1996) it was shown that the minimal domain in the scaffold protein necessar...

I show that US prescription drug prices can be better understood by accounting for history-dependent demand and industry pricing structure, which has important implications for potential government negotiation. First, I confirm the presence of inertia and history-dependent demand for generic drugs through a novel quasiexperiment. Next, I capture pricing structure in a dynamic pricing game invol...

This study aims to uncover the meaning of green accounting in regulation prohibition use plastic materials Bali. The research method used is a qualitative with phenomenological interpretive paradigm that emphasizes an in-depth understanding content government rules. phenomenon after ban on materials, amount waste final disposal container increasing, so it necessary examine cause and implementat...

The cultivation of special corns, such as baby corn, has had a positive influence on the economy country. Despite its importance, there is still need for studies aimed at increasing production and planting areas crop. Phytosanitary are particular interest, crops susceptible to series pathogens, Bipolaris maydis, Exserohilum turcicum, Puccinia polysora. use resistant cultivars most effective way...

The aim of this paper is to test whether patent-based indicators are still reliable measures of innovativeness in light of organizational changes in the field of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) protection and the regulatory reforms already under way respectively at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and the European Patent Office (EPO). For most high-tech industries, patents repres...

The aim of this paper is to test whether patent-based indicators are still reliable measures of innovativeness in light of organizational changes in the field of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) protection and the regulatory reforms already under way respectively at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and the European Patent Office (EPO). For most high-tech industries, patents repres...

The pharmaceutical industry raises unique economic questions because of three related features. First, the high rate of R&D, technical change and importance of patent protection raise important positive and normative questions related to industry structure, prices, profits and public policy. Second, the industry is heavily regulated in all major functions. Early regulatory requirements focused ...

Using a panel of 30 Japanese chemical and pharmaceutical companies for the period of 1985 to 1998, we estimate the effects of university-industry research collaboration (UIC) on participating firms’ research output. We find, as in other studies in the field, that UIC leads to more research output, in terms of the number of patents obtained. In contrast to the results for the U.S., however, we f...