The nonlinear optical response to high fields is absolutely measured for the noble gas atoms He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe. We find that the response is quadratic in the laser field magnitude up to the ionization threshold of each gas. Its size and quadratic dependence are well predicted by a Kramers-Kronig analysis employing known ionization probabilities, and the results are consistent with calculat...

Explicitly based on causality, linearity (superposition) and stability (time invariance) and implicit on continuity (consistency), finiteness (convergence) and uniqueness (single valuedness) in the time domain, Kramers-Kronig (KK) integral transform (KKT) relations for immittances are derived as pure mathematical constructs in the complex frequency domain using the two-sided (bilateral) Laplace...

We demonstrate the counterintuitive dispersion effect that the peaks (dips) in the gain spectrum correspond to abnormal (normal) dispersion, contrary to the usual Kramers-Kronig point of view. This effect may also lead to two unique features: a broadband abnormal dispersion region and an observable Hartman effect. These results are explained in terms of interference and boundary effects. Finall...

A non-iterative and non-interferometric computational imaging method to reconstruct a complex wave field called synthetic aperture based on Kramers–Kronig relations (KKSAI) is reported. By collecting images through modified microscope system with pupil modulation capability, we show that the phase amplitude profile of sample at limited resolution can be extracted from as few two intensity by us...

The Huttner−Barnett model is extended to a magnetodielectric medium by adding a new matter field to this model. The eigenoperators for the coupled system are calculated and electromagnetic field is written in terms of these operators. The electric and magnetic susceptibility of the medium are explicitly derived and shown to satisfy the Kramers−Kronig relations. It is shown that the results obta...