It is a commonplace in the history of philosophy that issues surrounding selfawareness, consciousness, and self-knowledge do not become prominent until the early modern period. For medieval philosophers, particularly those in the Aristotelian tradition, the nature of self-knowledge plays only an ancillary role in psychology and epistemology. This is a natural consequence of Aristotle’s characte...

Epistemic logic has become a major field of philosophical logic ever since the groundbreaking work by Hintikka (1962). Despite its various successful applications in theoretical computer science, AI, and game theory, the technical development of the field has been mainly focusing on the propositional part, i.e., the propositional modal logics of “knowing that”. However, knowledge is expressed i...

Although educators have long recognised prior learning and life experience in their pedagogical strategies epistemological or cultural difference has not generally been legitimated. Knowledge originating from within non-western cultural groups, whether indigenous or migratory has not been valued. Such hegemony has created negative consequences for members of minority groups and has led to the e...