Simple baselines provide insights into the value of scoring functions and give starting points for measuring the performance improvements of technological advances. This paper presents baseline unsupervised techniques for performing word alignment based on geometric and word edit distances as well as supervised fusion of the results of these techniques using the nearest neighbor rule.

There are many good reasons to promote sustainable development and reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other combustion emissions. The air quality in many urban environments is causing many premature deaths because of asthma, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and dementia associated with combustion emissions. The global social cost of air pollution is a...

Policy gradient methods have enjoyed great success in deep reinforcement learning but suffer from high variance of gradient estimates. The high variance problem is particularly exasperated in problems with long horizons or high-dimensional action spaces. To mitigate this issue, we derive a bias-free action-dependent baseline for variance reduction which fully exploits the structural form of the...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Maximizing photosynthesis at the canopy level is important for enhancing crop yield, and this requires insights into the limiting factors of photosynthesis. Using greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus) as an example, this study provides a novel approach to quantify different components of photosynthetic limitations at the leaf level and to upscale these limitations to differe...

Sensitivities to neutrino oscillation parameters for possible very long baseline neutrino oscillation experiments are discussed. The reach for observing a non-zero mixing angle θ13, establishing CP violation and determining the mass hierarchy are compared between various experimental options. Different possibilities for neutrino beams are briefly described, as well as the assumptions about the ...

This paper contributes to the recent literature on the Green Paradox (Hoel, 2011 and Harstad, 2012) that distinguishes between regulated and unregulated regions in a Hotelling framework. In our model, different grades of oil are characterized by different costs, emission factors, and underground reserves; furthermore, the clean backstop experiences cost-reducing technical change. As a result, e...

114 listener judges evaluated speech samples containing the fundamental frequency contour only of patients recorded during depression and after recovery. In 80% of the ratings the listeners could determine whether or not the recording emanated from the depressive pkaase. A group of conservatory students contained a significantly larger percentage of proficient raters than a group of law student...

This paper contributes to the recent literature on the Green Paradox (Hoel, 2011 and Harstad, 2012) that distinguishes between regulated and unregulated regions in a Hotelling framework. In our model, different grades of oil are characterized by different costs, emission factors, and underground reserves; furthermore, the clean backstop experiences cost-reducing technical change. As a result, e...