CONTEXT Vehicle exhaust is a major source of ozone and other air pollutants. Although high ground-level ozone pollution is associated with transient increases in asthma morbidity, the impact of citywide transportation changes on air quality and childhood asthma has not been studied. The alternative transportation strategy implemented during the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta, Ga, provided...

BACKGROUND This study investigated swimming speeds and sex differences of finalists competing at the Olympic Games (i.e. 624 female and 672 male athletes) and FINA World Championships (i.e. 990 women and 1008 men) between 1992 and 2013. METHODS Linear, non-linear and multi-level regression models were used to investigate changes in swimming speeds and sex differences for champions and finalis...

BACKGROUND The tobacco industry has long sought affiliation with major sporting events, including the Olympic Games, for marketing, advertising and promotion purposes. Since 1988, each Olympic Games has adopted a tobacco-free policy. Limited study of the effectiveness of the smoke-free policy has been undertaken to date, with none examining the tobacco industry's involvement with the Olympics o...

Today's overall grasp and prediction of the trend changes in sports scores, led this study to carry out the discussion that the athletes’ obtaining reasonable suggestion is particularly important to fundamentally improve the comprehensive quality of track and field athletes performance. The Olympic Games is the big games, and the ‘stand or fall’ of achievements is the only measure of players pe...

P eople have varying opinions about the role of sports in life. For some it's a diversion: a chance to forget about life for a short while. For many athletes, sports is their life! Without sports, unfortunately, life has no meaning for some. For countless others, sports prepares them for life. Adolescent and high school athletes can learn that discipline and dedication combined with hard work c...

physical education being applied in nature, the role of scientific research has been widely challenged in this field. applying a bibliometric analysis method, the present study tries to investigate scientific achievement in sports and exercises and examine its relation to practical performance, using scholarly papers indexed in isi as substitutes of scientific productivity and medals won in oly...

Countries whose cities host the Summer Olympic Games increase significantly their success during the competition.We study whether such effect is lasting or not. We compute the effect of hosting on the total number of medals in the subsequent games. To confront the issue that the selection of the host city is endogenous, we use a natural counterfactual: countries whose cities also bid for the Ol...

As the Olympic Games developed and their popularity and relevance grew, winning medals also became important and a matter of national and political prestige. Despite the International Olympic Committee’s refusal to recognize country rankings by medals, the medal table is updated on a regular basis and plays a dominant role in media coverage and public interest (Rathke & Woitek, 2007). This has ...

T Olympic Games and the Olympic Movement differ from other sport events and sport organizations as they are officially linked to an ideology, that is, to “... a systematic set of arguments and beliefs used to justify an existing or desired social order.” In the Olympic Charter, the “rule book” of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the official version of these arguments and beliefs is a...