introduction: abusing drugs such as morphine continues to be a serious medical and social problem. defining a habit that increases the devastating effect such as compulsive use and craving is necessary. methods: this experiment was designed in four groups 1) group-housed (gh) 2) isolation 3) group-housed morphine-treated (ghmt) (4) isolated-housed morphine-treated (ihmt). rats were received mor...

Airway smooth muscle (ASM) membrane depolarization through KCl opens L-type voltage dependent Ca2+ channels (Ca(v)1.2); its opening was considered the cause of KCl contraction. This substance is used to bypass intracellular second messenger pathways. It is now clear that KCl also activates RhoA/Rho kinase (ROCK) pathway. ROCK isoforms are characterized as ROCK1 and ROCK2. Because ROCK1 seems th...

To clarify the mechanism by which potassium (KCl) protects against the blood pressure rising action of sodium (NaCl), we studied the effects of KCl loading in patients with idiopathic hypertension who, after a period of NaCl restriction, partook of a high NaCl diet. Eleven patients who had taken the KCl supplement (96 mEq/day) during the high NaCl period showed lesser mean blood pressure (MAP) ...

BACKGROUND Class II phosphoinositide 3-kinase α-isoform (PI3K-C2α) is involved in regulating KCl-induced vascular smooth muscle contraction. The current study was to investigate the effects of sevoflurane (SEVO) and isoflurane (ISO) on KCl-elicited PI3KC2α mediated vasoconstriction in rat aortic smooth muscle. METHODS Isometric force, in the absence or presence of SEVO or ISO (1 ~ 3 minimum a...

introduction: in order to study the effects of turpentine oil on the concentration of lipids and lipoproteins of rabbit ( as an animal model for human studies )35 healthy female rabbits were chosen and then randomly allocated into 13 groups. different percents of turpentine oil and other oil compounds like vegetable oil, cholesterol and animal oil were given to each group ( 5 rabbits ) separate...

The influence of ionic strength on transcription of polyoma DNA by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase was investigated. At 0.15 M KCl, transcription was highly symmetrical and, due to the lack of reinitiation, a limited extent of RNA synthesis was observed. When the concentration of KCl was raised to 0.45 M, the affinity of the enzyme for its template, as well as its apparent affinity for ribonucl...

In a newly described Drosophila model, two of the five antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) tested, sodium valproate (NaVP) and levetiracetam (LEV), not ethosuximide (ETH), gabapentin (GBP) and vigabatrin (VGB), ameliorate development of chronic pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced locomotor alteration. To further characterize the model, we analyze here the microarray expression profile of heads of flies tre...

We tested the hypothesis that in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP), the Cl- component of dietary NaCl dominantly determines its pressor effect (salt-sensitivity). We telemetrically measured systolic aortic blood pressure (SBP) in SHRSP loaded with: nothing (CTL); NaCl alone (NaCl) (44 mmol/100 grams chow); KCl (KCl) alone (44 mmol); NaCl (44 mmol) combined with KHCO3 (77 m...