Daily transpiration rate was decreased by low soil moisture, phenylmercuric acetate (PMA) in combination with kaolinite, Mobileaf (a filmforming wax emulsion manufactured by the Mobil Oil Co.), PMA alone, and kaolinite alone in this order. At high soil moisture, dry matter was decreased by PMA but was increased by Mobileaf and by PMA + kaolinite combination. At low soil moisture, dry matter was...

-Near-infrared (NIR) reflectance spectra for mixtures of ordered kaolinite and ordered dickite have been found to simulate the spectral response of disordered kaolinite. The amount of octahedral vacancy disorder in nine disordered kaolinite samples was estimated by comparing the sample spectra to the spectra of reference mixtures. The resulting estimates are consistent with previously published...

Adsorption of quinoline (pKa 5 4.92) and background electrolyte (CaCl2) onto specimen kaolinite and montmorillonite were measured as a function of pH (3–7.5) and ionic strength (1–10 mM), and as a function of quinoline concentration (0.2–1.55 mM) at fixed pH values of maximum adsorption. Maximum sorption of quinoline occurred at pH 3.5–4.0 for kaolinite, and pH 3.0–5.0 for montmorillonite. At t...

The utilization of new transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM) using the synchrotron photon source enable for the first time the study in three dimensions microsize clay particles in aggregates in their natural aqueous environment. This technique makes possible remarkable accurate images of nanosize mineral interparticle structure which forms a new nanocomposite. The Birdwood kaolinite/LDH aggregat...

Functionalization of the kaolinite (K) interlayer space is challenging. In this work, a new kaolinite-based nanohybridmaterial (K-NI) was successfully synthesized by grafting on the interlayer aluminol surfaces the ionic liquid, 1-(1-methylnaphthyl)-3-(2-hydroxyethyl) imidazolium chloride (NI), using a guest displacement strategy. A substantial increase of the basal spacing (10.8 Å) was obtaine...

Palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) were deposited on the surface of the modified clay mineral, kaolinite. To improve compatibility, abundance and control of the size of the nanoparticles, kaolinite was modified by the grafting of an amino alcohol (triethanolamine (TEA)) and an ionic liquid (1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium (ImIL)). Characterization techniques (XRD, TGA, solid state (13)C NMR...

Kaolinite (K), a polar and layered aluminosilicate mineral, was used as the host; ethanolamine (EOA) and ethylene glycol (EG) were inserted into the kaolinite interlayer to give the intercalated supramolecular compounds kaolinite-ethanolamine (K-EOA) and kaolinite-ethylene glycol (K-EG), respectively. The intercalation of EOA and EG resulted in an increase in the d(001)-value by 3.4 and 3.68 Å,...

A comparison is made of the mechanochemical activation of three low- and one high-defect kaolinite using a combination of X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, and DRIFT spectroscopy. The effect of mechanochemical alteration of the kaolinites is greater for the low-defect kaolinites. The effectiveness of the mechanochemical treatment is represented by the slope of the d(001) peakwidth-grinding t...

The formation of ice affects many aspects of our everyday life as well as important technologies such as cryotherapy and cryopreservation. Foreign substances almost always aid water freezing through heterogeneous ice nucleation, but the molecular details of this process remain largely unknown. In fact, insight into the microscopic mechanism of ice formation on different substrates is difficult ...

-A mixed-layer kaolinite/smectite (K/S) containing trace amounts of quartz, discrete kaolinite, goethite-hematite, and calcite was hydrothermally reacted with deionized water at 150", 200", and 250"C for 1 to 12 months. The starting K/S contained 50% smectite consisting of 15~ low-charge and 350 high-charge layers. The X-ray powder diffraction and chemical analyses of the reacted products indic...