Maturation in conifers includes several distinct and persistent changes in the growth habits of apical meristems. Despite many studies on maturation in conifers, there are still many aspects of the process that have not been elucidated. For example, it is not known why maturation of cotyledon-derived tissue culture plantlets is rapid, whereas the natural maturation process is gradual. Also, it ...

During shoot apex development, the plants undergo a very complex transition phase of flowering for successful reproduction, seed/cone setting and fruit development. The conversion vegetative meristems to floral depends upon numerous endogenous, exogenous factors genes development parts. perennial crops suffer from limitation innate ability keep some in state polycarpic growth habit leading long...

Abstract Phase transition and floral induction in citrus requires several years of juvenility after germination. Such a long period has been major hindrance to its genetic improvement program. Studies have shown that miR156 along with downstream genes SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEINS (SBP) SBP-LIKE (SPL) mediate the phase process plants. Our current study systematically analyzed SPL s 15 diff...

Summary In 1962 Carlquist published “A Theory of Paedomorphosis in Dicotyledonous Woods” based on his observations that some species non-tree growth forms such as stem succulents, lianas, woody herbs, and tree rosettes exhibit, their secondary xylem, cellular characteristics more commonly associated with primary xylem. He considered the appearance these characters an expression protracted juven...

Grafting is an important, widely used plant propagation technique but its physiological effects are as yet insufficiently understood. Recent studies indicate that movement of proteins and small RNAs through the graft union might be involved. MicroRNAs are known to play a significant role in regulation of higher plants’ developmental and metabolic traits. Extending this logic, we hypothesize tha...

We review developments in cone and seed production research during the past decade. We conclude that although cone induction techniques, including hormonal and cultural procedures, have been refined, they still do not fully overcome juvenility or noninductive environmental effects. The role pollen plays in enhancing seed production and the genetic quality of seed is discussed. Techniques for ha...