It is indicated that in a social, legal and democratic state, any activity regulated by legislation, consistent with the principles of law, must be characterized certain goal. This goal should characterized, firstly, clarity unambiguity (in order to comply requirements principle rule law terms certainty); secondly, scientificity (strategic orientations contradict scientificity, therefore do not...

embryo donation was one of the infertility treatment methods introduced to the iranian legal system in 2003 (act of embryo donation) and its by-law passed in 2005 after numerous discussions. embryo donation is a new legal issue in iran. no similar act has been previously legislated in the legal system; however, on the other hand, the importance of the judicial procedure in its execution cannot ...

plaintiff in civil litigation from the beginning which deals with petition to theend of litigation which the judge sets out a verdict, to reach his wasted or deniedright and to stabilize it, should comply with rules of proceeding and state matter offact and matters of law and prove the claim. therefor he must propose four issuesand prove them to reach the relief sought: 1.formal rules of proced...

shia’s political jurisprudence has experienced some ups and downs along historical developments. in this context، safavi age is an era that shia’s political jurisprudence has taken new approach and the shia’s public jurisprudence has become prosperious. because of special politic conditions of previous eras,،many subjects related to shia’s public jurisprudence hadn’t found opportunity for being...

non-earthly matters are presumed invalid. In I Frederick Copleston, S.J., A History of Philosophy at pt. 4, 24-25 (1962), Father Copleston observes-with typical succinct brilliance-regarding the above passage from Aristotle: Thus if a patient who suffers from delirium tremens "sees" pink rats, the senses as such do not err; error arises when the patient judges that the pink rats are "out there,...

Abstract There is a dearth of women judges sitting on international courts and tribunals. This contribution pays attention to the question why judicial gender matters. Demonstrating that sex-based differences play an important part in judging has challenged even most committed essentialists. Legitimacy-based arguments are deemed inadequate so far as they fail address structures power discrimina...