abstract rice is most important agricultural crop of guilan province sensibility to salinity and alkalinity of water and soil. in recent years, using of toxicants and fertilizers in farmlands, constructing several dams upstream, entering agricultural, homemade and industrial sewage in to a river, and drought have decreased gradually discharge of river and increased salinity of sefidrud river as...

BACKGROUND Accurate working length determination is a pre-requisite for a successful endodontic treatment. Even with improved systems of working length measurement, different readings may be recorded in different electrolytes present in the canal. The purpose of this in vivo/ex vivo comparative study was to determine the accuracy in measuring the working length of root canal using Direct Digita...

AIM To test the hypothesis that the mechanical efficacy of irrigation in reducing bacteria in the root canal is dependent on depth of placement of the irrigation needle. METHODOLOGY The root canals of 30 permanent cuspids were instrumented to apical size 60 using a crown-down technique. A suspension of the bioluminescent reporter strain Pseudomonas fluorescens 5RL was inoculated into each can...

PURPOSE To report four cases of corneal interface complications that occurred after excimer laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). METHODS Four eyes of three patients underwent technically uneventful LASIK. RESULTS One day after LASIK, patients presented with severe pain, blurred vision, conjunctival infection, and diffuse opacity at the interface. Two days after LASIK, significant features ...

BACKGROUND/AIMS To compare two intraocular irrigating solutions, Balanced Salt Solution Plus (BSS Plus) versus Lactated Ringer's (Ringer), for the preservation of corneal integrity after phacoemulsification. METHODS 110 patients undergoing phacoemulsification were randomised to either BSS Plus (n=55) or Ringer (n=55) as the irrigating solution. Patients were examined at baseline and at 1, 8, ...

INTRODUCTION Irrigating solutions are used for cleaning and removing dentinal debris, and the other remains from pulpal space during biomechanical preparation. Therefore, we evaluated the impact of various irrigating agents on root fracture at 5-minute time exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS We sectioned 60 permanent maxillary premolars with fully formed root structures transversely maintaining ...

INTRODUCTION The complex anatomy of the root canal system has been shown to limit the penetration of irrigating solutions into the apical third; hence, the aim of this study was to determine whether the use of a patency file is related to the presence of a radiopaque irrigating solution in the apical third of human root canals after using passive ultrasonic activation in vivo. METHODS Forty h...

The aim of this study was to analyze the in vitro behavior of the pH of different irrigating solutions, used alone or consecutively, after contact with extracted human teeth. Mandibular human premolars were selected. The middle thirds were divided into 6 parts. The specimens obtained were divided into 6 groups and treated with irrigating solutions: 1) distilled water; 2) 1% NaOCl; 3) 1% Citric ...