Abstract This article explores how North Korean leaders tried to maneuver between Iran and Iraq gain greater leverage in the Cold War. Both of these Middle Eastern countries seemed potentially attractive partners for Pyongyang, but they were often on hostile terms with each other. The considers Iraq-Iran rivalry domestic changes affected policy. Even when Pyongyang's cooperation one or other tw...

Since 1979, relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran have oscillated periods of overt hostility apparent rapprochement, yet since 2003 the two engaged in a vitriolic competition that has spread across regional affairs, to devastating effect Lebanon, Syria, Bahrain, Iraq Yemen. Central much this are efforts securitise other eyes external audiences, discursively presenting rivalry language securit...

The purpose of this article was to investigate the relationship between renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on economic growth in 10 oil-exporting countries for period 1980 2018. To get purpose, bootstrap panel causality test has been deployed. According findings study consumption, results showed that hypothesis Ecuador is well grounded. Besides, conservation valid Algeria Iran. feed...

the united states and russia are two important actors in international system. the geography of their national interests is global and extra-regional; therefore, the quality of their relationship affects the security of international system. it can create security or can cause insecurity in international system. after the disintegration of soviet :union: there has been more interaction between ...

Economic sanctions, unilateral and multilateral, have a long pedigree in international relations. From South Africa Israel, to Iraq, Iran, North Korea, such measures have, with varying results, been used diverse contexts influence the behavior of states. Some would celebrate use economic sanctions as means punishing “rogue states” for human rights violations or threats peace, while others conde...