Based on the home-made cation-exchange membrane (CEM) and bipolar membrane (BPM), electrodialysis with bipolar membrane (EDBPM) and electro-membrane reactor with three compartments (EMR-3) were developed to achieve in situ ion substitution and recovery of gluconic acid (GLH) from its sodium salt. Physicochemical and electrochemical properties of CEM and BPM were studied to assess their...

in this study, polystyrene ethylene butylene polystyrene (psebs) was functionalized to prepare mono and bipolar ion exchange membranes. in the case of the bipolar membrane, platinum was used as the intermediate layer. nacl solution of concentration ranging from 5 g/l to 25 g/l was used as the feed solution. a commercially procured ion exchange membrane made of polystyrene divinyl benzene was al...

The computer simulation program of a practical scale reverse electrodialysis process has been developed based on the program for saline water electrodialysis. The program is applied to compute the performance of an industrial-scale reverse electrodialysis stack (effective membrane area S = 1 m × 1 m = 1 m2, cell pair number N = 300 pairs). The stack operatingconditions are optimized. Seaw...

The current status of ion sensors in their main application, clinical chemistry, is highlighted. The reasons for the practical success of sensors in this particular area are discussed together with the expected in ̄uence of novel technical possibilities for the next generation of clinical ion analyzers. A series of recent research results, including the improvement of lower detection limits, the...

The orbit loss current is calculated for the ASDEX Upgrade geometry using the 5D (3D in configuration space and 2D in velocity space) Monte Carlo code ASCOT. The balance between the obtained current and the analytical estimate of the return current shows an L–H transition for the normalized collision frequency ν∗i ≈ 1 as expected from analytic theory. The transition in ASDEX Upgrade, however, o...

Faraday probe measurements were taken in the near-field plume of a 6-kW Hall thruster to reduce the negative effects of facility-induced charge-exchange collisions. The results from these measurements were analyzed using a non-standard definition of the current density integration bounds that produced self-consistent beam current and beam divergence values. The measurements indicated a beam div...