the narcotic drugs business find its abusement, nowadays, have been one of the most basic political, economic, health, cultural anti-family disorders in almost all over the world. despite all technologic anti cultural developments, it seems that the tendency and interest of producers, distributors and users of these drugs in all different age levels are growing up increasingly. unfortunately, t...

Tricuspid valve endocarditis is a disease primarily found in intravenous drug abusers. It occurs much less often than left-sided endocarditis and has a better prognosis. The triad of intravenous drug abuse, Staphylococcus aureus septicemia, and pulmonary embolism with or without a tricuspid regurgitation murmur can be pathognomonic for tricuspid valve endocarditis. Pulmonary signs and symptoms ...

Tianeptine is a selective serotonin reuptake enhancer, possessing strong antidepressant and anxiolytic properties. Its relative lack of sedative, anticholinergic and cardiovascular side effects makes it a highly tolerable substance of abuse. However, physical dependence quickly develops and withdrawal symptoms are common. Abusers in Georgia and Armenia use tianeptine by intravenous injection. D...

Two of the most commonly used procedures to study the abuse-related effects of drugs in laboratory animals are intravenous drug self-administration and reinstatement of extinguished behavior previously maintained by drug delivery. Intravenous self-administration is widely accepted to model ongoing drug-taking behavior, whereas reinstatement procedures are accepted to model relapse to drug takin...

Narcotic substances have a pronounced toxic effect on the entire body and can lead to disability. Despite ongoing efforts combat drug addiction, in today's society, many drugs are available for potential use. Their destructive action leads numerous adverse ocular systemic manifestations. The most frequently, drug-users people of working age, whom visual impairment restrictions labor social acti...

the marked shift in the patterns of drug use in iran, from opium smoking to injecting drug use, has led to serious health-related outcomes. this study was designed to explore characteristics of people who inject drugs (pwid) in tehran, iran. nine hundred and four pwid were recruited from treatment and harm reduction facilities, as well as drug user hangouts in public areas in tehran. participan...