Commensal bacteria possess immunostimulatory activities that can modulate host responses to affect development and homeostasis in the intestine. However, how different populations of resident bacteria stimulate the immune system remains largely unknown. We characterized here the ability of intestinal and oral microflora to stimulate individual pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in bone marrow...

Antibiotic treatment of lung infections may lead to the emergence of resistance in the gut flora. Appropriate dosing regimens could mitigate this adverse effect. In gnotobiotic rats harboring intestinal Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecium populations, a lung infection by Klebsiella pneumoniae was instigated with two different sizes of inoculum to represent an early or a late initiation of...

AIMS Investigation of intestinal bacterial groups involved in phytate degradation and the impact of diets with different phytate contents on phytase activity. METHODS AND RESULTS Faecal samples of adults on conventional (n = 8) or vegetarian (n = 8) diets and breastfed infants (n = 6) were used as an inoculum for modified media supplemented with phytate. Populations of Gram-positive anaerobes...

Intestinal homeostasis relies on a continuous dialogue between the commensal bacteria and the immune system. Natural killer T (NKT) cells, which recognize CD1d-restricted microbial lipids and self-lipids, contribute to the regulation of mucosal immunity, yet the mechanisms underlying their functions remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that NKT cells respond to intestinal lipids and C...

microencapsulation as one of the most modern methods has remarkable effects on probiotic survival. in this study lactobacillus casei (atcc 39392) and bifidobacterium bifidum (atcc 29521) were encapsulated using calcium alginate-gelatinized starch, chitosan coating and inulin via emulsion technique, and were incubated in simulated gastric juice (along with pepsin, ph=1.5) and simulated intestina...

introduction: bacterial translocation is defined as the passage of bacteria from intestinal tract to the extraintestinal organs such as the peritoneum and blood circulation. the aim of this study is to examine bacterial translocation (regarding type of bacteria and effect of time of obstruction on bacterial translocation) from intestinal lumen to the peritoneum and viscera in acute, simple mech...

 Introduction: Bacterial translocation is defined as the passage of bacteria from intestinal tract to the extraintestinal organs such as the peritoneum and blood circulation. The aim of this study is to examine bacterial translocation (regarding type of bacteria and effect of time of obstruction on bacterial translocation) from intestinal lumen to the peritoneum and viscera in acute, simple mec...

The two most common forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, affect approximately 1 million people in the United States. Uncontrolled APC reactivity toward commensal bacteria is implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease. A number of functionally distinct APC populations exist in the mucosal lamina propria (LP) below the intestinal epithelium, but th...