we describe a simple model that fits well with iranian economy, and extends a methodology which chary at el. (2007) demonstrated. in addition to four traditional wedges, we introduce additional trade wedge. we then evaluate the contribution of these wedges to the fluctuations in iran during last three years. because of international sanction, trading cost increases, and firms have difficulty to...

To facilitate electronic commerce in international trade, paper-based documents in trade procedures have to be replaced by electronic messages. This can be viewed as a business process redesign problem. In this paper we present a formal framework for representing so-called Deontic Deep Structure Models (DDSM) for business procedures. These models can be used to support the electronification of ...

The study of the relation between the exchange rates regime and international trade is done using an inter-disciplinary vision that contains knowledge from four different disciplines: economics, history, mathematics and computer sciences. In the case of pure theory of international trade, there is made an abstraction of the fact that international trade is done using money. The theoretical anal...

This paper provides some new empirical perspectives on the relationship between international trade and macroeconomic fluctuations in industrial economies. First, a comprehensive set of stylized facts concerning fluctuations in trade variables and their determinants is presented. A measure of the quantitative importance of international trade for the propagation of domestic business cycles is t...

We use a model of proportionate growth to describe the dynamics of international trade flows. We provide an explanation to the fact that the extensive margin of trade account for a large fraction of the greater exports of large economies, as well as for a number of stylized facts described by the literature on trade networks such as the power-law distribution of connectivity and the fat tails d...

While there is a large literature on the economic theory of international standards, and their presumed effects, we know much less about how international standards work in practice. This paper reviews the body of empirical work that has investigated the specific question: How international standards impact on international trade? Do they help or hinder trade? The work reviewed ranges from econ...

Engel and Wang (2008) argue that trade in durable goods is important for international real-businesscycle models to replicate the behavior of real imports and exports. We extend such a model with Calvostyle price stickiness. We find that the model with producer currency pricing (PCP) for investment goods and local currency pricing (LCP) for durable consumption performs better than the model wit...