Background: We studied assembly of HBV capsids using a genetically-fused dimer. Results: Assembly intermediates composed of two, three and five copies of a fused dimer have been isolated. Conclusion: Capsid assembly could progress using dimeric, trimeric and pentameric intermediates. Significance: The low abundance and transient nature of assembly intermediates make analysis challenging, howeve...

mgo nanopartticels (np-mgo) in average size between 30—130 nm were prepared by sonochemistry method. some phenols have been converted to ortho-hydroxybezaldehyd by ortho-formylation using mgo nanoparticles and (ch2o)n in xylene and subsequently treated with aqueous nh2oh.hcl, affording the corresponding aldoxime in a one-pot procedure. moreover, this one-pot process, with two transformations, o...

although several methods for the preparation of 4o propargyl indole derivatives have been published, this synthetic transformation is complicated by the tendency of 3o propargyl alcohols to form allenium intermediates in acidic media.  it is therefore a challenge to find an efficient method for the c-3 propargylation of indoles with 3° propargylic alcohols.  in this paper we wish to report on t...

The 1:1 reactive intermediates produced in the reaction between alkyl isocyanides and dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates were trapped with 2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one to generate to highly functionalized ketenimines. A series of new 2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one derivatives were synthesized in moderate yields. The advantages of the present method include good functional group tolerance and simple experi...

Occupational exposure limits for unstudied pharmaceutical synthetic intermediates are often established under the assumption that penultimate and near-ultimate intermediates have the same structure-activity and dose-response as the ultimate active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). This is seldom the case because moieties that render biological activity to the API are often protected or modified ...

The behaviour of a class of autocatalytic systems with intermediates has been studied. A general chemical model has been derived, and the corresponding kinetic differential equations have been studied by both analytical and numerical methods. Two special cases were investigated in more detail: a competitive model, closely related to the second order Schlögl model, and a mutualistic model, deriv...

To determine the pathway by which a protein folds up, it is necessary to characterize the structures of folding intermediates and also to place these intermediates in the correct order on the kinetic pathway of folding. Noncovalent folding reactions are fast: typically they occur in seconds or less for small single-domain proteins. On the other hand, hours are required to obtain detailed struct...

A wide range of applications, most notably in comparative genomics, in-volve the computation of a shortest sorting sequence of operations for a givenpermutation, where the set of allowed operations is fixed beforehand. Suchsequences are useful for instance when reconstructing potential scenarios ofevolution between species, or when trying to assess their similarity. We revisit<l...

The necessary conditions to transform hydroxyamide (1) and 2-oxazolines (2, 3) into 3- or 4-methyl benzo[f] isoquinolines (4, 5) has been established. The mechanism of these reactions has been proposed claiming the existence of the protonated 2-oxazoline (6) and the styrylamides (7) as intermediates.