this study was designed to find which one of the three different presentations, i.e. input, input-output, and output-input, will be more effective in iranian efl learners' vocabulary acquisitions. to this end, first 54 out of 64 female students, aged from 19 to 23 years, with an average of 21, were selected out of starter-level efl learners at the university of tarbiat moalem in bandar abb...

This study explored the effect of input vs. collaborative output tasks on Iranian EFL learners’ grammatical accuracy and their willingness to communicate (WTC). In so doing, the study utilized 3 input (i.e., textual enhancement, processing instruction, and discourse) and 3 collaborative output (i.e., dictogloss, reconstruction cloze task, and jigsaw) tasks and compared their effects on 5 Englis...

abstract the aim of this study is of the effect of structural changes in higher education on changes of output in sistan and baluchestan province using structural decomposition analysis (sda). the input-output tables of this region for the period 2006-2011 have been employed as the database of the model. the structural changes were decomposed into two factors: changes in share of specific secto...

Background & Aim: Energy is one of important debates in agriculture ecology and for this reason; the ratio of output and input energy in different agriculture ecosystems has been calculated. If one can reduce, input energy level into farms through the indices like poisons, fertilization, tractor energy and lab our force. In addition to the net income of the farmers, this issue would play a sign...