Otitis media, a common and often recurrent bacterial infection of childhood, is a major reason for physician visits and the prescription of antimicrobials. Haemophilus influenzae is the cause of approximately 20% of episodes of bacterial otitis media, but most strains lack the capsule, a factor known to play a critical role in the virulence of strains causing invasive H. influenzae disease. Her...

Witnesses are frequently questioned immediately following a crime. The effects of such testing on false recall are inconclusive: Testing may inoculate against subsequent misinformation or enhance false memory formation. We examined whether different types of processing can account for these discrepancies. Drawing from Fuzzy-trace and Associative-activation theories, immediate questions that tri...

Pepper lines L57 and L113 and cv.Pico are inoculated by 1, 5, 10, 25, 75 μg/ml cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in inoculum. Both lines are resistant to the virus and cv.Pico is used as a susceptible control. The lines respond with the development of chlorotic (L57) and necrotic (L113) spots on the inoculated leaf. The virus is established only in the inoculated leaves and their petioles of the resi...

Decaying wood and cavities in living trees are fundamental determinants of forest biodiversity.However, a long history forestry land-use change has created fragmented network ofwoodland with depleted stock veteran that support these microhabitats. Decomposition isa slow process it may take heart-rot fungi hundreds years to establish before hollowing evenbegins. A major challenge restoration, th...

The ability to infect a volunteer with malaria in a controlled and safe manner promises to be of enormous benefit to research programs aimed at developing malaria vaccines or novel antimalaria drugs. By challenging an individual in early-stage trials with a defined number of parasites of a specific laboratory strain in a controlled clinical environment, it is possible to derive more meaningful ...

West Nile virus (WNV) is transmitted to vertebrate hosts by mosquitoes as they take a blood meal. The amount of WNV inoculated by mosquitoes as they feed on a live host is not known. Previous estimates of the amount of WNV inoculated by mosquitoes (10(1.2)-10(4.3) PFU) were based on in vitro assays that do not allow mosquitoes to probe or feed naturally. Here, we developed an in vivo assay to d...

This account deals with the cholera epidemic which occurred in four districts of Lower Burma during the period November 1934 to May 1935. The measures taken to combat the epidemic consisted of : (1) Disinfection of drinking supplies. (2) Disinfection of infected houses. (3) Treatment of cases (mostly in private houses). (4) Isolation (as far as practicable when dealing with the rural community)...

Six fungal species (Fusarium sp, Exophiala jeanselmei, Penicillium spp, Aspergillus niger, Paecilomyces spp, and Alternaria spp) were used to inoculate soft contact lenses. Four types of soft lenses were used: high-water (58%) and low-water (38%) content lenses and lenses that were unworn or worn for 1 day. The fungi displayed a range of macroscopic and microscopic features that allowed differe...

Fungi that occur inside asymptomatic plant tissues are known as fungal endophytes. Different genera of fungal entomopathogens have been reported as naturally occurring fungal endophytes, and it has been shown that it is possible to inoculate plants with fungal entomopathogens, making them endophytic. Their mode of action against insects appears to be due to antibiosis or feeding deterrence. Res...

Although many attempts have been made to inoculate successfully ,the lower animals with portions of tumors from human beings they 'have in the great majority of cases been without results. In some instances the observers have claimed that they have been successful }rot their statements are, as a rule, not convincing. Carl Lewin 1 discusses this question of transplantation at length and reviews ...