in present paper, first the concept of informal economy and its place in the economic literature has been described. then the causes and factors involved in providing the informal sector was examined and the volume of informal economy was estimated. second, the effect of inflation on informal economy was surveyed. to estimate the volume of informal sector, residual discrepancy method was used a...

Spacecraft and space habitats supporting human exploration contain a diverse population of microorganisms. Microorganisms may threaten human habitation in many ways that directly or indirectly impact the health, safety, or performance of astronauts. The ability to produce and maintain spacecraft and space stations with environments suitable for human habitation has been established over 40 year...

BACKGROUND Transfers of money and help with daily activities by family and friends are important sources of support for older people and contribute to their well being. On the other hand, older adults are not only recipients of support but also important providers of support and financial transfers as giving and receiving are often reciprocal. For this, it is important to understand the determi...

Habitation conditions significantly affect the physiological and biochemical state of aquatic organisms, including the balance of lipids that performs important functions in cellular metabolism. The lipid and fatty acid profiles of White Sea herring in Dvina, Kandalaksha, and Onega bays, and in the waters of Tersky Shore (the mouth of the Varzuga River) in autumn (after the fattening period) we...

Williamson and Sabath (1982) have demonstrated a significant relationship between modern population size and environment by examining atoll area and rainfall in the Marshall Islands. The present work seeks to extend that argument into prehistory by examining the relationship of ancient habitation sites and size of aroid pit agricultural systems to atoll land area and rainfall regime along the 1...

BACKGROUND Faced with increased public spending for care, knowledge of the determinants of the choices between informal and formal care is of particular importance for estimating the need for care in the future. METHODS Using a representative sample of Spanish dependent elderly from the Disabilities, Independence and Dependency Situations Survey (DIDSS) 2008, we compare the factors associated...

The Effects of Cooperation: A Structural Model of Siblings’ Caregiving Interactions This paper analyzes the decision making process of adult children to provide informal care to their parents. First, we develop a structural model to explain the amount of time that only children (without siblings) spend on providing care, taking into account opportunity costs in terms of time and money. The mode...

GABA A receptors are Cl Ϫ channels that can be opened by GABA and are the major inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the CNS. A variety of pharmacologically important drugs, such as benzodiazepines, barbiturates, neuroactive steroids, anesthetics and convulsants, produce at least part of their clinically relevant effects by interacting with distinct allosteric binding sites on GABA A recept...