1 Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, University of Alfenas-MG, Av. Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 714, Alfenas, MG, Brazil, 37130.000 2 Laboratory of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, University of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili, 1, 25100, Brescia, Italy 3 Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes...

1 Department of Biochemistry, Ekiti State University, P.M.B 5363 Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. 2 Functional foods and Nutraceuticals Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704 Akure, Nigeria. 3 Nutrition and Toxicology Division, Food Technology Department, Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Oshodi, PMB 21023, Lagos 10001, Nigeria. 4 Department of Biomedical Technol...

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Over 30 years ago, Environmental Science and Technology published a feature article, “Wildlife Toxicology”, which posed the hypothesis that “Human health is believed to be threatened by exposure to such chemical contaminants as agricultural pesticides and industrial waste. Does it not stand to reason, therefore, that the health of wildlife could be affected similarly by toxic chemical pollutant...

Toxicology has been an active research field for many decades, with academic, industrial and government involvement. Modern omics computational approaches are changing the field, from merely disease-specific observational models into target-specific predictive models. Traditionally, toxicology strong links other fields such as biology, chemistry, pharmacology medicine. With rise of synth...

Industrial and agricultural endeavors are intimately associated with the extensive use of a wide array of chemicals. Historically chemical wastes generated through industrial processes were disposed of through flagrant release into the environment. Gasses quickly dispersed into the atmosphere; liquids were diluted into receiving waters and efficiently transported away from the site of generatio...

Historically, early identification and characterization of adverse effects of industrial chemicals was difficult because conventional toxicological test methods did not meet R&D needs for rapid, relatively inexpensive methods amenable to small amounts of test material. The pharmaceutical industry now front-loads toxicity testing, using in silico, in vitro, and less demanding animal tests at ear...