Literature is a book that expresses the greatness of society. Ethics have been stated with intention instructing. In Naladiyar characteristics individual are explained in detail. It has advised to live public interest without selfishness. taught ethics elderly. Education necessary for man society by analyzing principles having patience actions and living maturity, depth friendship companionship...

It is generally recognized that descriptive and normative individualism are logically independent theses. This paper defends the stronger view that recognition of the falsehood of descriptive individualism is crucial to understanding the evolutionary and developmental basis of normative individualism. The argument given for this is not analytic; rather, it is based on empirical generalizations ...

The horizontal and vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism are an important characteristic of cultures. These dimensions have many implications for the ways in which individual learners use and respond to interactive technologies. This article reports on a study that investigated the impact of culture, specifically horizontal individualism (HI), vertical individualism (VI), horizo...

In this paper, we survey our recent work showing theoretically and empirically a link between individualist culture on one hand and long run growth and innovation. The individualism-collectivism cultural dimension is the only one that has a robust effect on measures of long run growth. We survey the cross-cultural psychology culture that finds that the individualism-collectivism cleavage is als...

We present empirical evidence that, among a variety of cultural dimensions, the individualism-collectivism dimension, based on Hofstede’s (2001) data, is the most important and robustly significant effect of culture on long run growth. Other dimensions that have a significant effect, albeit less robust, are generally strongly correlated with individualism and convey similar information. We foun...

Models of culture are operationalized as individualism and collectivism and have not given sufficient attention to other organizing axes—especially how a society handles power, dependence, and equality. Shavitt, Lalwani, Zhang, and Torelli (2006) make a significant contribution by first reminding the field of power distance (Hofstede, 1980) and then moving beyond a single factor to highlight be...